TANY 


PACIFIC  COAST  EDITION 


PREPARED   BT 

ALICE   EASTWOOD 

CALIFORNIA  ACADK  -HOROP 

FLORA  IN  THJC  HOOKY  MOUHTADJ  EDITIOK 


GIXN  AND  COMPANY 

BOSTON     -    NEW    YORK     • 
ATLANTA     •    DALLAS     •    COLLMBI 


r 


BBRGEN'S    BOTANY 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


PACIFIC  COAST  EDITION 


PREPARED    BY 


ALICE   EASTWOOD 

OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES,  AUTHOR  OF  THE 
FLORA  IN  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  EDITION 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


COPYRIGHT,  1897,  1901,  BY 
ALICE  EASTWOOD 


ALL  BIGHTS  RESERVED 
312.11 


J)ress 


GINN   &   COMPANY  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS  •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

THIS  Flora  of  the  Pacific  States  has  been  made  to  enable 
pupils  to  obtain  a  clear  idea  of  the  method  of  classifying 
plants  through  practical  experience  in  identifying  the  most 
common  genera  and  species  of  the  coast.  It  is  to  serve  as  a 
guide  in  understanding  the  characteristics  and  relationships 
of  large  and  important  orders  and  genera,  and,  to  some 
extent,  in  identifying  species. 

The  species  included  have  been  those  most  widely  dis- 
tributed or  those  most  abundant  near  large  centers  of  popula- 
tion, so  that  sufficient  material  might  easily  be  obtained  for 
class  study.  Species  not  clearly  and  easily  denned  have  been 
omitted  even  when  abundant,  so  as  to  render  the  possibility 
of  error  as  little  as  possible.  Where  a  difference  of  opinion 
exists  among  botanists  in  regard  to  generic  names,  both  have 
generally  been  given,  one  in  parentheses. 

Teachers  will  find,  in  whatever  part  of  the  Pacific  States 
they  may  be,  that  they  can  collect  a  sufficient  number  of  the 
plants  here  included  to  afford  their  pupils  all  the  drill  neces- 
sary. It  is  advised  that  the  teachers  furnish  the  plants  for 
class  study,  being  careful  to  select  only  from  those  here 
included  rather  than  to  allow  the  pupils  themselves  to  select 
at  random  from  the  flora  of  the  neighborhood  ;  otherwise,  the 
pupil  is  likely  to  become  discouraged  by  failure  in  identifying 

plants  not  described  in  the  book. 

1 

5A779JJ 


2  PREFACE 

Teachers  who  are  in  doubt  about  any  plants  are  earnestly 
requested  to  send  specimens  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  San 
Francisco,  where  they  will  be  compared  with  herbarium  speci- 
mens and  identified.  The  specimens  should  have  both  flower 
and  fruit  when  possible,  and  in  the  case  of  herbs  the  entire 
plant  should  be  sent,  root  and  all. 

It  requires  quite  a  library  of  botanical  books  to  identify 
Pacific  Coast  species,  since  there  is  no  book  published  that 
contains  even  all  the  known  species,  and  there  are  many 
species  still  undiscovered.  It  is  neither  possible  nor  desirable 
to  attempt  to  include  all  in  a  school  flora.  The  chief  books 
needed  for  a  more  complete  study  are  the  two  large  and 
expensive  volumes  of  the  State  Geological  Survey ;  the  fol- 
lowing botanical  works  of  Prof.  E.  L.  Greene  :  Pittonia,  Flora 
Franciscana,  and  The  Botany  of  the  Bay  Region  ;  Western 
Cone-bearers,  by  J.  G.  Lemmon ;  and,  for  Composttce  and 
Gamopetala},  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora: 

The  plan  of  arrangement  in  preparing  this  Flora  has  been 
that  of  Professor  Bergen's  Key  and  Flora  to  the  Spring- 
blooming  Plants  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  which 
replaces  this  in  the  Eastern  edition  of  his  book.  It  seemed 
that  a  plan  which  he  had  tried  and  found  successful  was 
better  to  adopt  than  one  that  was  new  and  untried.  When- 
ever possible,  his  descriptions  have  been  used,  the  aim 
throughout  having  been  to  follow  as  he  led. 

The  botany  of  the  Geological  Survey,  Professor  Greene's 
botanical  works,  and  Dr.  Behr's  Botany  of  the  Vicinity  of  San 
Francisco  have  all  been  used  in  compiling  the  descriptions 
and  making  the  Key. 


PREFACE  3 

The  pronunciation  is  indicated  by  accent  marks  and  the 
division  of  the  accented  syllable.  A  vowel  ending  this 
syllable  has  a  long  sound;  but  when  the  accented  syllable 
ends  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  has  a  short  sound.  It 
matters  little  whether  the  English  or  Continental  sounds 
for  the  vowels  are  used;  the  former  are  more  generally 
authorized,  though  the  latter  are  becoming  more  and  more 
prevalent. 

In  this  revised  edition  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  V.  Piper, 
of  the  Agricultural  College,  at  Pullman,  Washington,  for 
additions  to  the  Flora  from  Washington  and  Oregon,  and 
to  Mr.  Louis  A.  Greata,  of  Los  Angeles,  for  additions  from 
the  country  adjacent  to  Los  Angeles. 

ALICE  EASTWOOD 

ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


KEY  TO  SOME    FAMILIES    OF   PHANEROGAMS 


GYMNOSPERMS.    Ovules  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  usually  with  needle-shaped  or  scale-like  evergreen  leaves  and 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  catkins,  the  pistillate  ones  usually  ripening 
into  cones (Coniferse),  Pine  Family,  p.  13 

ANGIOSPERMS.    Ovules  in  an  ovary. 

MONOCOTYLEDONS.     Flowers  generally  on  plan  of  3,  never  of  5 ;  leaves 

usually  parallel-veined. 

GLUMACEOUS    DIVISION.       Flowers  rudimentary,  enclosed  in  husk-like 

bracts. 
Bracts  for  each  flower  2 ;  stems  jointed,  hollow,  cylindrical  or  nearly 

so (Graminese),  Grass  Family,  p.  21 

Bracts  for  each  flower  1;  stems  not  jointed,  solid,  triangular 

(CyperacesB),  Sedge  Family,  p.  22 

PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION.    Flowers  having  a  true  perianth ;  not  on  a  spadix. 
Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  Stamens  6 

(Liliaceae),  Lily  Family,  p.  23 
Ovary  adnate  to  the  perianth. 

Stamens  6       .     (Amaryllidaceae),  Century  Plant  Family,  p.  36 

Stamens  3 (Iridaceae),  Iris  Family,  p.  37 

Stamens  1  or  (rarely)  2    .     .     (Orchidaceae),  Orchis  Family,  p.  39 

DICOTYLEDONS.     Flowers  generally  on  the  plan  of  4  or  5.    In  woody 

plants  the  woody  fiber  forms  concentric  rings. 

DIVISION  I.     APETAL.E.     With  but  one  set  of  floral  envelopes  or  none. 
Flowers  in  catkins.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

Dioecious,  1  flower  to  each  scale  of  the  catkin;  fruit  a  many-seeded  pod, 
each  seed  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  cotton 

(Salicacese),  Willow  Family,  p.  40 

Monoecious  ;  sterile  catkins  drooping  ;  fertile,  erect,  cone-like,  with  1  or 
2  flowers  under  each  stiff,  shield-shaped  scale 

(Betulaceae),  Alder  Family,  p.  42 
5 


"   **  KEY   AND   FLORA 


Monoecious,  androgynous ;  catkins  short,  erect,  with  1  flower  under 
each  scale  of  the  fertile  catkin  ;  fruit  a  round  nutlet 

(Myricacese),  Wax-myrtle  Family,  p.  40 

Monoecious,  sterile  flowers  only  in  catkins  ;  fruit  a  nut  in  a  cup  or  bur, 
or  a  leaf -like  cylindrical  sheath 

(Cupuliferae),  Oak  Family,  p.  44 

Dioecious,  sterile  flowers  with  calyx  4-parted,  stamens  4 ;  fertile  flowers 
with  calyx  2-lobed  or  wanting,  ovi.ry  1-celled,  2-ovuled,  styles  2  ; 
fruit  a  berry  (Garryaceae),  Silk-tassel  Bush  Family,  p.  120 

Flowers  not  in  catkins. 
Ovary  inferior, 

6-celled,  perianth   regular  and  3-lobed  or  irregular,  stamens   6-12 
(Aristolochiacese),  Dutchman's  Pipe  Family,  p.  46 

l-celled,  sunk  in  the  axis  of  the  conical  spike,  which  has  numerous 
flowers,  and  a  persistent  petal-like  involucre ;  flowers  naked,  of 
6-8  stamens  and  3-6  pistils,  each  subtended  by  a  white  bract. 
Aromatic  herbs  of  wet  alkaline  places 

(Houttuynia),  Yerba  Mansa,  p.  40 

Ovary  superior, 

3-celled,  3-ovuled,  stigmas  3-6.  Monoecious  or  dioecious.  Staminate 
flowers  with  1  to  many  stamens.  Plants  with  milky  juice 

(Euphorbiacese),  Spurge  Family,  p.  99 

l-celled,  forming  a  3-sided  akene,  stamens  9,  perianth  of  6  divisions 
usually  colored  like  a  corolla 

(Polygonacese),  Buckwheat  Family,  p.  47 

l-celled,  forming  a  flat  akene  with  embryo  coiled,  stamens  5  opposite 
the  divisions  of  the  green  perianth  ;  plants  often  fleshy  and  covered 
with  scurf  .  .  (Chenopodiacese),  Pigweed  Family,  p.  49 

Similar  to  Chenopodiaceae,  but  the  divisions  of  the  perianth  are 
papery  and  persistent  with  similar  bracts 

(Amarantacese),  Amaranth  Family,  p.  51 

l-celled,  1-seeded,  calyx  corolla-like,  monosepalous,  the  persistent 
herbaceous  base  hardening  around  the  akene,  style  1 ;  flowers  in 
calyx-like  involucres 

(Nyctaginaceae),  Four-o'clock  Family,  p.  51 

Stamens  9  in  3  rows,  anthers  4-celled,  opening  by  uplifted  valves  ; 
sepals  6,  petaloid,  pistil  simple ;  flowers  in  umbels ;  trees  with 
aromatic  foliage  .  .  .  (Lauracese),  Laurel  Family,  p.  63 

DIVISION  II.      POLYPETAL;E.      Petals  distinct  (in  some  genera  wanting). 
Stamens  hypogynous  (on  the  receptacle  below  the  superior  ovary). 


PHANEROGAMS 


Stamens  Numerous 

Separate,  and  the  other  floral  organs  distinct,  petals  sometimes  want- 
ing, flowers  with  the  sepals  5  or  irregular 

(Ranunculaceae),  Buttercup  Family,  p.  58 

•Separate,  flowers  regular,  sepals  (generally  2)  half  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  falling  as  the  petals  expand 

(Papaveraceae),  Poppy  Family,  p.  64 

Monadelphous,  attached  to  the  bases  of  the  petals. 
Anthers  1-celled,  kidney-shaped 

(Malvaceae),  Mallow  Family,  p.  105 

Anthers  2-celled,  petals  wanting,  sepals  petal-like 

(Fremontia),  p.  107 

United  into  3-5  bunches,  sepals  and  petals  5,  leaves  opposite,  punctate 
(Hypericaceae),  St.  John's-wort  Family,  p.  107 

About  20,  sepals  5  (2  scale-like),  petals  5,  soon  falling 

(Cistaceae),  Rockrose  Family,  p.  108 

Stamens  10  or  less 

10  (rarely  fewer),  petals  5  (sometimes  wanting),  capsule  splitting  into 
twice  as  many  valves  as  styles.  Seeds  on  axillary  placenta 

(Caryophyllaceae),  Pink  Family,  p.  55 

10  or  5,  sepals  and  petals  5,  carpels  5  on  a  spike-like  axis,  distinct  at 
base  hut  cohering  hy  their  stigmas  and  separating  from  the  axis  at 
the  base  first,  1-seeded (Geraniaceae),  p.  95 

10,  sepals  and  petals  5,  carpels  distinct,  1-seeded,  globose,  at  the  base  of 
a  common  style  ;  juice  pungent  .  .  .  (Limnanthes),  p.  97 

10,  sepals  and  petals  5,  carpels  united  into  a  5-celled  ovary  with  5  styles  ; 
leaves  compound  with  3  leaflets ;  juice  acid  .  .  (Oxalis),  p.  97 

10  or  5,  equal  to  or  double  the  number  of  petals ;  herbs  with  fleshy 
leaves  ....  (Crassulaceae),  Stonecrop  Family,  p.  74 

6  or  9,  anthers  2-celled r  opening  by  uplifted  valves  like  wings  ;  bracts, 

sepals,   petals,  and  stamens    opposite   each  other ;    pistil  simple 

(Berberidacese),  Barberry  Family,  p.  62 

6  (4  long  and  2  short),  petals  and  sepals  4  (petals  sometimes  wanting) ; 
fruit  2-celled  with  a  papery  partition,  or  sometimes  1-celled  and 
indehiscent ;  herbs  with  pungent  juice 

(Cruciferae),  Mustard  Family,  p.  67 

6,  or  sometimes  more,  nearly  equal,  sepals  and  petals  4 ;  pod  1-celled,  on 
a  long  slender  stalk  (Capparidaceae),  Caper  Family,  p.  73 


KEY   AND   FLORA 

6,  united  by  the  filaments  to  form  2  equal  sets  ;  flowers  irregular 

(Fumariaceae),  Bleeding  Heart  Family,  p.  66 

5,  sometimes  united  over  the  pistil ;  petals  5,  one  of  them  with  a  spur 

(Violacese),  Violet  Family,  p.  109 

1  to  many,  sepals  2-8,  petals  5-16,  styles  3-8-cleft,  ovary  1-celled  with 

placenta  axillary ;    plants  with  fleshy  leaves  and  mostly  showy 
flowers  that  open  only  in  bright  sunshine 

(Portulacacese),  Portulaca  Family,  p.  52 

Stamens  4-7,  petals  4-5  with  long  claws,  ovary  1-celled,  with  as  many 
parietal  placentae  as  divisions  of  the  style 

(Frankeniacese),  Yerba  Reuma  Family,  p.  108 

6-8,  the  filaments  united  into  a  split  sheath ;  flowers  irregular,  super- 
ficially resembling  the  Papilionaceae,  sepals  5,  petals  2;  pod 
2-celled,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition 

(Polygalaceae),  Polygala  Family,  p.  98 

5,  monadelphous  at  base,  petals  soon  falling,  capsule  splitting  into 
twice  as  many  divisions  as  stigmas 

(Linacese),.Flax  Family,  p.  98 

2  (rarely  3  or  4),  petals  4,  2,  or  Avanting,  calyx  4-toothed ;  fruit  winged 

from  the  summit,  1-seeded ;  polygamous  or  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs 
with  opposite  compound  leaves      .     .    (Fraxinus),  Ash,  p.  128 

Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  distinctly  on  the  calyx  or  on  a  disk  simulating 
a  calyx  tube 

Numerous ;  ovary  simple  or  compound,  free  from  or  partly  united  to 
the  disk  ;  leaves  alternate,  with  stipules  that  sometimes  fall  early  ; 
seeds  without  endosperm  (Rosacese),  Rose  Family,  p.  80 

Stamens  indefinite,  petals  merging  into  the  sepals,  carpels  numerous, 
becoming  akenes  within  a  hollow  disk;  aromatic  shrubs,  having 
opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules 

(Calycanthaceae),  Sweet  Shrub  Family,  p.  80 

Variable  in  number  (5,  10,  20),  carpels  2-5,  completely  or  partially 
united  to  the  calyx,  styles  distinct ;  leaves  without  stipules ;  seed 
with  endosperm  (Saxifragaceae),  Saxifrage  Family,  p.  75 

10,  distinct,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous ;  flowers  papilionaceous ; 
fruit  a  legume  .  .  .  (Papilionacese),  Pea  Family,  p.  89 

Numerous,  distinct ;  flowers  regular  of  4  or  5  sepals  and  petals  ;  fruit 
a  legume (Mimoseae),  Acacia  Family,  p.  95 

5  or  fewer,  petals  minute  and  scale-like  (or  none) ;  fruit  a  loosely 
covered  1-seeded  indehiscent  pod  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx  ; 
stipules  papery  (Hlecebracese),  Sand  Mat  Family,  p.  57 


PHANEROGAMS 


Stamens  on  a  disk,  not  simulating  a  calyx  tube 

Inserted  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  disk,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them  (usually  5) ;  ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled ;  fruit  a  berry 

(Anacardiacese),  Poison  Oak  Family,  p.  101 

Inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  disk,  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
opposite  them  (petals  sometimes  wanting) ;  style  or  stigma  2- 
4-lobed ;  fruit  a  berry  or  dry  pod  with  2-4  hard  seeds 

(Rhamnacese),  Buckthorn  Family,  p.  103 

5-8,  corolla  irregular  with  4  or  5  unequal  petals  ;  ovary  3-celled,  ovules 
6,  only  1  maturing  ....  (JEsculus),  Buckeye,  p.  102 

3-12  (usually  8) ;  flowers  perfect  with  petals,  or  dioecious  and  apetalous  ; 
fruit  of  2  parts,  each  winged  .  .  .  (Acer),  Maple,  p.  102 


Ovary  distinctly  inferior. 

Stamens  perigynous  (on  the  calyx) 

Stamens  4-8,  sepals  and  petals  4 ;  ovary  4-celled 

(Onagraceae),  Evening  Primrose  Family,  p.  Ill 

Stamens  numerous,  usually  some  petaloid,  petals  and  sepals  5 ;  herbage 
adhesive  with  barbed  hairs 

(Loasacese),  Blazing  Star«Family,  p.  115 

Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  numerous;  fruit  fleshy,  1-celled;  spiny, 
leafless  plants  .  .  .  (Cactacese),  Cactus  Family,  p.  115 

Stamens  and  petals  numerous,  sepals  5,  capsules  3-5-celletl ;  leaves  and 
stems  fleshy  .  .  (Ficoideas),  Fig  Marigold  Family,  p.  116 

Stamens  numerous  ;  ovary  3-5-celled,  opening  at  the  top  ;  calyx  falling 
off  like  a  lid,  setting  free  the  stamens  and  producing  a  tassel-like 
blossom (Eucalyptus),  Gum  Tree,  p.  110 

Stamens  epigynous  (on  the  ovary) 

Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  5  (the  last  very  small),  styles  2  ;  fruit  a  pair 
of  seed-like  carpels ;  flowers  small  in  umbels ;  leaves  alternate, 
compound  .  .  .  (Umbelliferse),  Parsley  Family,  p.  117 

Similar  to  Umbelliferse,  except  the  styles  and  carpels  4  or  5 ;  fruit  a 
berry,  and  umbels  panicled 

(Araliacese),  Ginseng  Family,  p.  116 

Stamens,  sepals,  and  petals  4 ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  ;  flowers  in  cymes 
or  heads  ;  leaves  simple,  opposite 

(Cornaceae),  Dogwood  Family,  p.  119 


10  KEY   AND   FLORA 

DIVISION  III.      GAMOPETAL^E.      Petals  united  into  a  cup  or  tube. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  (superior). 
Corolla  regular. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  in  fruit  forming  4  nutlets 

(Borraginaceae),  Borage  Family,  p.  137 

Ovary  2-celled,  ovules  numerous  ;  fruit  often  a  berry 

(Solanacese),  Nightshade  Family,  p.  145 

Ovary  2-celled  (generally  4-ovuled) ;  twining  plants 

(Convolvulacese),  Morning-glory  Family,  p.  132 

Ovary  1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled,  styles  2-cleft  or  entire 

(Hydrophyllaceae),  Baby-eyes  Family,  p.  133 

Ovary  3-celled  with  axillary  placenta,  style  3-lobed 

(Polemoniacese),  Phlox  Family,  p.  130 

Ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  style  1,  stigmas  2 

(Gentianacese),  Gentian  Family,  p.  128 

Ovary  cells  as  many  as  petals,  style  1,  anthers  2-celled,  opening  by 
holes  at  the  top   .     .     (Ericaceae),  Heather  Family,  p.  120 

Ovary  1-celled  with  axillary  placenta,  stamens  opposite  the  petals 
(Primulacese),  Primrose  Family,  p.  125 

Ovary  5-angled,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  styles  5 
1  (Plumbaginaceae),  Sea  Pink  Family,  p.  127 

Ovary  2-celled  (sometimes  3-4-celled)  with  1  seed  in  each  cell  (some- 
times more  in  Plantago  major) 

(Plantaginacese),  Plantain  Family,  p.  153 

Ovaries  2,  distinct,  with  a  stigma  common  to  both  and  united  with  a 
crown-like  column  of  stamens ;  flowers  in  umbels ;  seeds  with  a 
tuft  of  silky  hairs  ;  plants  with  milky  juice 
(Asclepiadacese),  Silkweed  or  Milkweed  Family,  p.  129 

Similar  to  Asclepiadaceie,  except  that  the  stamens  are  distinct  and 

free  from  the  stigma,  but  the  anthers  are  disposed  to  cohere  with  it 

(Apocynacese),  Dogbane  Family,  p.  130 

Corolla  irregular.      Fertile  stamens  fewer  than  the  divisions  of  the 

corolla. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  becoming  4  nutlets  ;  corolla  2-lipped ;  aromatic 

herbs  or  shrubs      .     .     .     (Labiatse),  Mint  Family,  p.  139 

Ovary  2-celled,  seeds  many  on  a  central  placenta,  style  and  stigma  1 

(Scrophulariacese),  Figwort  Family,  p.  146 

Ovary  2-celled  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae,  seeds  many  ;  root- 
parasites  without  leaves  or  green  color 

(Orobanchacese),  Broom  Rape  Family,  p.  153 


PHANEROGAMS  11 

Ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx  (inferior). 

Ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  petals,  anthers  2-celled,  opening  hy  holes 
at  the  top ;  fruit  a  berry 

(Vaccinium),  Huckleberry,  p.  120 

Ovary  2-5-celled  (sometimes  becoming  l-«elled);  fruit  a  berry ;  leaves 
opposite,  without  stipules 

(Caprifoliacese),  Honeysuckle  Family,  p.  156 

Ovary  2-5-celled ;  leaves  opposite  with  stipules,  or  whorled  and 
without  stipules  .  .  (Rubiacese),  Madder  Family,  p.  154 

Ovary  1-3-celled ;  flowers  monoacious  or  dioecious ;  trailing  or 
.climbing  tendril-bearing  herbs ;  fruit  fleshy,  iudehiscent 

(Cueurbitaceae),  Gourd  Family,  p.  158 

Ovary  2-5-celled,  with  axillary  placenta,  style  2-5-cleft 

(Canipaimlacese),  Harebell  Family,  p.  159 

Ovary  2-celled  with  axillary  placenta,  or  1-celled  with  parietal 
placentae ;  stamens  united  by  both  filaments  and  anthers 

(Lobeliaceae),  Lobelia  Family,  p.  160 

Ovary  3-celled,  2  cells  empty,  fruit  1-seeded ;    stamens  3,  corolla 

tubular,  slightly  irregular,  border  of  the  calyx  plumose  or  wanting 

(Valerianacese),  Valerian  Family,  p.  158 

Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  an  akene,  stamens  united  by  their  anthers 
in  a  tube  ;  flowers  many,  combined  in  heads  and  appearing  like  a 
single  flower  .  .  (Composite),  Sunflower  Family,  p.  161 


CLASS   L  —  GYM'NOSPERMS 

Plants  destitute  of  a  closed  ovary,  style,  or  stigma  ;  ovules 
generally  borne  naked  on  a  carpellary  scale,  which  forms  part 
of  a  cone.  Cotyledons  often  several. 

CONIF'ERJE.     PINE  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  wood  of  peculiar  structure,  destitute 
of  ducts,  with  resinous  and  aromatic  juice.  Leaves  generally 
evergreen  and  needle-shaped  or  scale-shaped.  Flowers  desti- 
tute of  floral  envelopes,  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Male  flowers 
consisting  of  stamens  arranged  in  a  spike,  and  resembling  a 
catkin,  with  pollen  sacs  at  the  base  of  scales,  subtended  by  a 
cluster  of  bracts  like  an  involucre.  Female  flowers  consisting 
of  naked  ovules  at  the  base  of  scales  arranged  in  a  spike  with 
a  cluster  of  bracts  below,  in  fruit  forming  a  cone  with  the 
seeds  under  the  scales  or  becoming  a  one-  to  few-seeded  berry. 

I.    JUNDP'ERUS,  Juniper,  Cedar 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary  or  terminal.  Staminate  clusters 
numerous,  with  scales  whoiied  or  opposite,  on  a  central  axis, 
and  2-6  anther  cells  to  each  scale.  Pistillate  clusters  of 
3-6  fleshy  scales,  each  bearing  1-2  erect  ovules.  Fruit  a 
berry.  Seeds  bony.  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  usually  branching 
irregularly,  with  aromatic  wood,  and  thin,  shreddy  bark. 
Leaves  either  triangular,  scale-like,  folding  over  each  other, 
or  linear,  rigid,  pointed,  and  free  from  each  other. 

n.    CUPRES'SUS,  Cypress 

Monoecious.  Staminate  clusters  small,  very  numerous,  and 
at  the  tips  of  tiny  branchlets  ;  pollen  sacs  3-5  at  the  base 
of  each  scale.  Fertile  clusters  erect  on  short  lateral  branchlets, 

13 


14  KEY   AND   FLORA 

forming,  when  ripe,  roundish  or  oblong  woody  cones,  con- 
sisting of  6-10  very  thick,  shield-shaped  scales,  fitting  closely 
together  ;  cones  maturing  in  two  years  in  all  except  the  last  ; 
ovules  numerous,  in  several  rows  at  the  base  of  the  scales, 
forming  acutely  angled  seeds.  Leaves  evergreen,  scale- 
shaped,  imbricated.  When  the  tree  is  allowed  to  grow 
naturally,  it  is  pyramidal,  or  roundish,  with  rather  loose, 
straggling  branches  and  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  top.  In 
bloom  in  winter  or  early  spring. 

a.  C.    macrocar'pa    Hartweg.      MONTEREY    CYPRESS.     This   has 
dense    foliage   and   oblong  cones   clustered  on    short    stems.      It  is 
extensively  cultivated  throughout   California  for  wind  breaks  and 
hedges;   also  trimmed  into   the    most  fantastic  shapes,  which   are 
supposed  to  he  ornamental. 

b.  C.  Govenia'na  Gordon.     MOUNTAIN  CYPRESS.     This  is  a  more 
loosely  branched  and  smaller  tree,  with  the  upper  branches  slender 
and  drooping.      The  cones  are  an  inch  or  less  long,  and  are  globose, 
rarely  oblong.     This,  too,  is  cultivated.     In  its  native  state  it  grows 
throughout  the  Coast  Mountains. 

c.  C.  Macnabia'na  Murr.    This  is  a  small  tree  with  fine  foliage  very 
fragrant,  sprinkled  all  over  with  white  glands,  so  that  the  tree  is  pale 
green.     The  cones  are  small,  with  horn-like  projections  on  the  scales. 
This  also  is  cultivated,  but  rarely.     It  is  a  native  of  the  mountains 
of  Lake  County. 

d.  C.  Lawsonia'na  Murr  (ChamaBcy'paris).     PORT  ORFORD  CEDAR. 
This  differs  from  the  other  species  of  Cupressus  in  having  flattened, 
2-ranked  branches,  and  the  cones  ripening  in  one  year.     Cones  very 
small,  g-  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  globose,  with  8  or  10  flat  scales  which 
are  bluish  green  when  young.     Seeds  2-4  to  each  scale,  somewhat 
winged.      This  is  a  tall,  symmetrical  tree  with   slender  branches, 
often  drooping.     It  is  frequently  cultivated  and  is  a  very  valuable 
timber  tree.     The  wood  is  very  fragrant  and  is  used  in  making  chests 
and  cupboards  where  it  is  desirable  to  keep  out  insects.     It  is  also 
known  as  Oregon  Cedar  and  Ginger  Pine.     It  is  found  chiefly  in  the 
Coast  Mountains  of  Oregon. 


m.    THU'YA,  Arbor-vitae 

Monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  very  small,  with 
3  or  4  pollen  sacs  at  the  base  of  the  4-6  pointed  scales. 
Fertile  clusters  at  the  ends  of  branchlets.  Cones  very  small, 
\  inch  long,  soon  reflexed,  ripening  in  one  year,  with  8-12  erect 


GYMNOSPERMS  15 

scales  in  pairs,  having  a  pair  of  winged  seeds  under  all  except 
the  top  and  bottom  pair.  These  are  tall,  symmetrical  trees,  with 
horizontally  flattened  branches  and  scale-shaped,  evergreen 
leaves  adnate  and  decurrent  in  4  rows,  with  the  tips  free. 

T.  gigante'a  Nutt.  This  is  a  very  tall  tree  found  in  the  Coast 
Mountains  of  Oregon,  in  Washington,  northern  Idaho,  and  British 
Columbia.  The  cones  are  densely  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  droop- 
ing branchlets,  and  the  foliage  is  a  bright,  shining  green.  The  bark 
is  thin  and  fibrous,  the  wood  soft  but  durable. 


IV.    LIBOCE'DRUS,  Incense  Cedar 

Similar  to  Thuya,  but  with  12  or  more  scales  on  the  stami- 
nate  cluster  and  with  the  cones  not  reflexed.  These  consist  of 
4-6  thick  scales  in  pairs,  the  two  largest  only  bearing  seeds. 
Seeds  with  unequal  wings. 

L.  decur'rens  Torrey.  This  becomes  a  large  tree  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  and  has  a  trunk  resembling  that  of  the  giant 
Sequoia.  It  is  also  found  on  almost  all  the  higher  hills  of  the 
Coast  Mountains. 

V.    SEQUOI'A,  Redwood 

Monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  small,  very  numerous  near 
the  ends  of  young  shoots,  with  3-5  pollen  sacs  under  each 
scale.  Fertile  flowers  at  the  ends  of  branchlets,  consisting  of 
several  scales  with  long-pointed  tips  which  become  bristles  on 
the  shield-shaped  scales  of  the  cone.  Each  scale  is  diamond- 
shaped  with  lines  running  to  the  center,  giving  the  cone  a 
quilted  appearance.  The  Sequoias  are  the  largest  trees  on 
earth.  Their  leaves  are  flattened  or  triangular  scale-shaped ; 
the  bark  very  thick,  fibrous,  and  spongy ;  the  wood  red  and 
soft,  easily  split  longitudinally,  and  the  bark  also  cleaving 
longitudinally.  Both  species  are  cultivated  in  different  parts 
of  California. 

a.  S.  semper7 virens  Endl.  REDWOOD.  Cones  small,  oblong,  of 
about  20  scales,  maturing  in  one  season ;  lower  leaves  fiat,  2-ranked ; 
upper  leaves,  on  tall  trees,  scale-shaped.  This  forms  immense  forests 
in  northern  California  and  extends,  along  the  coast,  from  southern 
Oregon  to  Point  Gorda  in  Monterey  County.  The  specific  name 


16  KEY   AND   FLORA 

arises  from  its  tenacity  of  life.     It  sends  up  new  trees  in  a  circle 
around  where  a  tree  has  been  cut  down.     In  bloom  in  winter. 

b.  S.  gigante'a  Decaisne.  MAMMOTH  SEQUOIA,  BIG  TREE. 
Upper  and  lower  leaves  alike,  scale-shaped,,  with  long-pointed  tips ; 
cones  about  2  in.  long  of  25-30  scales,  requiring  two  seasons  to 
ripen.  This  is  found  in  groves  in  moist,  protected  valleys  in  the 
higher  Sierras,  from  Placer  County  through  Tulare  County. 

VI.     A'BIES,  Fir 

Tall  trees  tapering  from  a  rather  broad  base  to  a  pointed 
top,  with  horizontal  branches  and  brittle  wood  that  soon 
decays.  Leaves  apparently  in  2  ranks,  generally  erect, 
twisted  at  base.  Cones  erect,  near  the  top  of  the  tree,  the  scales 
and  seeds  falling  away  from  the  axes,  which  remain  like 
candles  on  a  Christmas  tree.  The  cones  are  therefore  never 
found  under  the  trees,  only  the  fallen  scales. 

a.  A.  con'color  Lindl.     WHITE  FIR.     Large  trees  with  old  bark 
rough,  gray,  and  furrowed.     Leaves  pale  green,  obtuse.     Cones  3-5 
in.    long,    green    or   purple   when    ripe.     This   is   the   common   fir 
of  middle  elevations  in   the  Sierra   Nevada   Mountains.      It   also 
extends  into  Oregon. 

b.  A.  gran'dis  Lindl.     Tall  and  large  trees  with  smooth,  brownish 
bark.     Leaves  dark  green  and  glossy  on  the  upper  surface,  with  2 
white  lines  on  the  lower,  obtuse  or  notched  at  apex.     Cones  2-4  in. 
long.     This  is  probably  the  tallest  fir  in  the  world.     It  is  found 
near  the  coast  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia  and  is 
one  of  the  most  important  sources  of  lumber. 

VH.    PFCEA,  Spruce 

Tall  trees,  shaped  as  the  firs,  and  with  soft  but  strong 
wood.  Leaves  sessile,  spirally  arranged,  falling  frc-m  the 
branchlets  as  soon  as  dry  and  leaving  the  stems  covered  with 
numerous  tiny  projections,  sometimes  appearing  in  2  ranks. 
Cones  drooping,  growing  on  the  upper  branches,  falling  to  the 
ground  when  ripe  and  always  to  be  found  under  the  bearing  trees 
with  the  scales  spirally  arranged  on  the  axes. 

a.  P.  Sitchen'sis  Carr.  TIDELAND  SPRUCE.  Very  tall  and  large 
trees  with  thin,  scaly,  brownish  red  bark.  Leaves  slender,  sessile, 
with  short  points  at  the  apex.  Cones  1^-3  in.  long,  yellowish. 


GYMNOSPEKMS  IT 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  trees  of  the  northern  Pacific 
coast  and  is  probably  the  largest  spruce  in  the  world.  It  extends 
from  northern  California  to  Alaska. 

b.  P.  Engelman'ni  Engelm.  EXGELMANN  SPRUCE,  WHITE  SPRUCE. 
Bark  light  cinnamon-red,  broken  into  thin  loose  scales.  Young 
trees  of  pyramidal  outline  ;  old  trees  in  forests  with  long  straight 
trunks  and  pyramidal  at  top.  Leaves  stiff,  ending  in  a  sharp  tip. 
Branchlets  pubescent.  Cones  cylindrical,  about  2  in.  long.  Wood 
white,  valuable  as  timber.  This  replaces  the  preceding  species  east 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 


Vm.    TSU'GA,  Hemlock  Spruce 

Similar  to  the  true  spruces  but  with  flatter  leaves,  having 
short  petioles  joined  to  a  hard,  -woody,  persistent  base.  Seeds 
resinous  on  the  surface  and  cones  smaller.  Tall  trees  of 
pyramidal  outline  and  slender,  drooping  branchlets. 

a.  T.  heterophyl'la  Sargent.  Bark  thick,  reddish  brown.  Cones 
less  than  an  inch  long,  ovate.  This  is  found  along  the  coast  from 
northern  California  to  Alaska  and  is  one  of  the  most  important 
timber  trees. 

6.  T.  Mertensia'na  Sargent  (T,  Pattonia'na).  PATTON'S  SPRUCE, 
HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.  Trees  with  thick,  cracked  bark,  reddish  gray 
and  apt  to  be  scaly.  Cones  long  and  slender,  2-3  inches  in  length. 
Seeds  with  wings  almost  twice  their  length.  This  is  shrubby  at 
great  elevations,  but  when  favorably  situated  becomes  a  tree  more 
than  a  hundred  feet  high.  The  apex  is  slender  and  pendent  and  the 
trunk  generally  slopes  at  base.  It  is  found  in  the  higher  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  and  northward  to  Alaska,  where  it  grows  along 
the  coast. 

IX.    PSEUDOTSU'GA,  Douglas  Spruce 

Mowers  monoecious,  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves. 
Staminate  clusters  subtended  by  conspicuous  involucres  of 
bud  scales  ;  pollen  scales  with  2  oblong  pollen  sacs  tipped 
by  an  awl-shaped  spur.  Fertile  clusters  near  the  ends  of 
branchlets,  dark  red  or  yellowish  green,  with  scales  concealed 
by  2-lobed,  long,  pointed  bracts.  Cones  oblong,  drooping, 
maturing  in  one  year,  but  remaining  on  the  trees  after  the 
seeds  have  fallen  out.  The  leaves  are  flat  and  2-ranked,  on  short 
petioles.  This  can  easily  be  distinguished  from  other  conifers 
by  the  fringe-like  bracts  over  the  scales  of  the  drooping  cone. 


18  KEY   AND   FLORA 


P.  mucrona'ta  Sudw.  (P.  Douglas'ii  Carr),  (incorrectly  called 
OREGON  PINE  and  RED  FIR).  This  is  found  in  California  and 
Oregon,  and  usually  grows  near  streams.  It  becomes  a  very  tall 
tree.  The  wood  is  yellow  or  reddish  and  rather  coarse,  and  the  bark 
is  fissured. 

X.    PFNUS,  Pine 

Monoecious.  Staminate  clusters  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
young  shoots  of  the  season  ;  pollen  scales  spirally  arranged, 
forming  an  elongated,  cylindrical  cluster,  with  2  pollen  sacs 
to  each  scale  (Fig.  1,  2).  Fertile  flowers  of  spirally  arranged 
carpel  scales  on  an  axis,  each  scale  bearing  2  ovules  at  base 
(Fig.  1,  8).  Fruit  a  cone  ripening  the  second  year,  but  often 
remaining  unopened  on  the  tree  several  years.  Leaves  ever- 
green, needle-shaped,  in  bundles  of  from  2-5,  enclosed  in  a 
sheath  of  membranous  scales  (Fig.  1,  d).  Seeds  generally 
winged  (Fig.  1,  4). 

a.  P.  Lambertia'na  Dougl.     SUGAR  PINE.     Leaves  5  in  a  sheath, 
3-4  in-  long.     Cones  long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  from  a  foot  to  more 
than  2  ft.  long  when  fully  grown,  pendent  at  the  ends  of  the  branches 
the  second  year,  the  scales  without  knobs  or  prickles.    This  is  a  very  tall 
and  large  pine,  with  the  upper  branches  widely  spreading  and  with 
irregular  and    picturesque   outlines.      It  is  common    in  the   Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  at  moderately  high  elevations  and  on  most  of 
the  high  peaks  of  the  Coast  Mountains,  extending  into  Washington 
and  Oregon. 

b.  P.  montic'ola  Dougl.     SMALL  SUGAR  PINE.     This  is  a  smaller 
tree  than  the  preceding  but  similar,  with  leaves  5  in  a  sheath,  about 
2  in.  long.     Cones  3-8  in.  long,  with  the  scales   without  knobs  or 
prickles,  reflexed  when  the  seeds  are  ripe.     This  is  common  in  the 
higher  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  especially  northward,  and  extends 
into  Oregon  and  Washington  at  lower  elevations. 

c.  P.  pondero'sa   Dougl.     YELLOW  PINE.     Leaves   3   in  a  sheath, 
5-11  in.  long,  rather  thick.      Cones  oval,  3-5  in.  long,  sessile,  spread- 
ing or  recurved,  generally  several  together ;  scales  with  stout  prickles. 
Wings  on  the  seeds  not  quite  an  inch  long,  widest  above  the  middle. 
This  is  one  of  the  largest  pines  of  the  coast.     It  is  found  in  the 
mountains  in  the  same  region  as  the  Sugar  Pine  but  more  widely 
distributed.     The  variety  Jeffrey!  is  found  generally  at  higher  eleva- 
tions and  has  longer,  coarser  leaves,  and  much  larger  cones.     This 
is  the  most  widely  distributed  species  and  one  of  the  most  prized 
timber  trees. 


GYMNOSPERMS 


19 


d.  P.  contor'ta  Dougl.  Leaves  2  in  a  sheath,  short.  Cones  small 
and  slender,  1-3  in.  long,  whorled,  oblique,  often  remaining  closed 
for  many  years ;  scales  with  strong  knobs  and  delicate  prickles.  This  is 
a  small  tree.  It  is  found  along  the  coast  from  California  to  Alaska. 


a 


FIG.  1.  — Scotch  Pine  (7*.  syleestris). 

1,  a  twig  showing  :  a,  staminate  catkins  ;  ft,  pistillate  catkins  ;  c,  a  cone  ;  rf,  needles. 
2,  an  anther  :  a,  side  view  ;  6,  outer  surface.  3,  a  carpel  scale :  a,  inner  surface  ; 
6,  outer  surface.  4,  a  cone  scale,  a  seed  wing,  and  a  seed.  5,  section  of  a  seed, 
showing  the  emhryo.  1  is  natural  size  ;  the  other  parts  of  the  figure  are  magni- 
fied hy  the  amount  indicated  by  comparison  with  the  vertical  line  alongside  each. 

The  variety  Murrayana  is  a  tall,  straight  tree,  growing  in  the  moun- 
tains and  known  as  Lodge-pole  Pine,  from  the  use  made  of  the 
slender,  straight  stems  by  the  Indians.  It  is  widely  distributed  and 
variable. 


20  KEY   AND   FLORA 

e.  P.  radia'ta  Don  (P.  insig'nis  Dougl.).    MONTEREY  PJNE.    Leaves 
5  in  a  sheath,  4-6  in.  long,  slender,  lax,  closely  serrate,  bright  green, 
densely  clustered.      Cones  encircling  the  stem,  deflexed  on  short  stems, 
pointed,  curved  inwards,  owing  to  the  difference  between  the  inner  and 
outer  scales.    The  cones  remain  on  the  tree  two  or  more  years  without 
opening.     This  pine  is  most  extensively  cultivated  in  California  for 
wind-breaks.     It  grows  nearly  100  ft.  in  height. 

f.  P.  attenua'ta  Lemmon  (P.  tubercula'ta  Gord.).    KNOB-CONE  PINE. 
Leaves  3  in  a  sheath,  4-7  in.  long.     Cones  in  whorls,  often  with  several 
whorls  in  a  bunch,  strongly  reflexed  on  short  stems,  oblique,  tapering  to 
a  very  narrow  base,   with  the   apex  pointed  ;    the  outer  scales  are 
enlarged  and  conical,  the  inner  flatter,  both  tipped  with  stout  prickles. 
The  cones  persist  on  the  stems  and  branches  many  years  without 
opening.     This  is  a  small  tree  and  often  begins  to  bear  cones  when 
a  foot  or  two  high.     It  is  found  in  the  Coast  Mountains  and  in  the 
foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

g.  P.  Sabinia'na  Dougl.     NUT  PINE,  BULL  PINE,  DIGGER  PINE. 
Leaves  3  in  a  sheath,  8-12  in.  long,  light  glaucous  green,  slender,  droop- 
ing;  cones  massive,  short-oval,  6-10  in.  long,  5-7  in.  in  diameter 
near  the  base,  deflexed  on  short,  stout  stems  ;  scales  with  stout,  claw-like 
projections.     The  nuts  are  edible  and  have  a  stony  shell,  and  formed 
an  important  part  of  the  food  of  the  Digger  Indians.     This  tree 
generally  has  loose  spreading  branches  and  is  very  graceful.     The 
long  light-green  foliage  easily  distinguishes  it  from  other  pines.     The 
cones  often  remain  on  the  branches  several  years  after  the  seeds  have 
fallen  out.     This  pine  is  the  most  common  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Coast  Mountains. 


CLASS  II.  —  AN'GIOSPERMS 

Plants  with  a  closed  ovary,  in  which  the  -seeds  are  matured. 
Cotyledons  1-2. 

SUBCLASS  I.— MONOCOTYLED'ONOUS   PLANTS 

Stems  with  theTfbro-vascular  bundles  scattered  amid  the 
parenchyma  cells.  There  are  in  perennial  plants  no  annual 
rings  of  wood.  Leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  alternate, 
nearly  entire.  Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in  threes  (never 
in  fives).  Cotyledon  1. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS 


21 


GRASS  FAMILY 

Mostly  herbs,  with  usually  hollow  stems,  closed  and  enlarged 
at  the  nodes.  Alternate  leaves,  in  2  ranks,  with  sheathing 
bases,  which  are  split  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade. 
The  flowers  are  nearly  or  quite 
destitute  of  floral  envelopes, 
solitary,  and  borne  in  the  axils 
of  scaly  bracts  called  glumes, 
which  are  arranged  in  2  ranks 
overlapping  each  other  on 


FIG.  2.  —  Diagram 
of  Inflorescence 
of  a  Grass. 

g,  sterile  glumes ; 
plt&  flowering 
glume;  pz,  a  scaly 
bract  (palea) ;  e, 
transparent 
scales  (lodicules) 
at  the  base  of  the 
flower;  £,  the 
flower. 


FIG.  3.  —  Fescue-grass  (Festuca 

pratensis). 

A,  spikelet  (compare  Fig.  2)  ;  B,  a 
flower,  the  lodicules  in  front  and 
the  palea  behind ;  C,  a  lodicule  ; 
Z>,  ovary. 


1-many -flowered   spikelets ;   these   are  variously  grouped  in 
spikes  or  panicles.    The  fruit  is  a  grain. 


22 


KEY   AND    FLORA 


(The  family  is  too  difficult  for  the  beginner,  but  the  struc- 
ture and  grouping  of  the  flowers  may  be  gathered  from  a 
careful  study  of  Figs.  2,  3.) 


FIG.  4.  —  Inflorescence,  Flower,  and  Seed  of  a  Sedge. 

(Great  Bulrush,  Scirpus  lacustrls.) 

A,  magnified  flower,  surrounded  by  a  perianth  of  hypogynous  bristles  ; 
seed  ;  C,  section  of  the  seed,  showing  the  small  embryo  enclosed 
base  of  the  endosperm. 


B,  the 
in  the 


CYPERA'CE^.     SEDGE  FAMILY 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  solid,  usually  triangular 
steins,  growing  in  tufts.  The  sheathing  base  of  the  generally 
3-ranked  leaves,  when  present,  is  not  slit  as  in  grasses.  The 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  23 

flowers  are  usually  somewhat  less  enclosed  by  bracts  than 
those  of  grasses  ;  the  perianth  is  absent  or  rudimentary ; 
stamens  generally  3  ;  style  2-cleft  or  3-cleft. 

The  flower  cluster  and  the  flower  may  be  understood  from 
an  inspection  of  Fig.  4. 

The  species  are  even  more  difficult  to  determine  than  those 
of  grasses. 

ARA'CEJE.     ARUM  FAMILY 

Smooth,  perennial  herbs,  generally  growing  in  wet  places. 
Leaves  large,  radical  or  alternate.  Flowers  sessile,  crowded 
on  a  spadix  which  is  surrounded  by  a  broad  sheathing  spathe. 
Perianth  in  our  representative  with  4  divisions.  Ovary 
2-celled  and  2-ovuled.  Fruit  consisting  of  berries  which 
coalesce  on  the  spadix. 

LYSICHI'TON,  Skunk  Cabbage 

Leaves  large,  1-3  ft.  long  and  often  a  foot  broad,  growing 
from  a  thick  rootstock.  Spadix  at  first  covered  by  a  yellow- 
ish green  spathe,  later  extending  beyond  it  on  a  stout 
peduncle.  Flowers  covering  the  spadix.  Stamens  4,  oppo- 
site the  segments  of  the  perianth,  with  2-celled  anthers 
opening  upwards. 

L.  Kamtschatcen'sis  Schott.  This  is  found  in  swamps  from 
northern  California  to  Alaska.  It  blooms  in  May  and  June.  It  is 
a  beautiful  plant  with  large,  broad  leaves,  covering  the  swamps,  but 
it  has  a  strong  and  disagreeable  odor,  from  which  the  common 
name  is  derived. 


LILIA'CEJE.     LILY  FAMILY 

Herbs.  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  with  their  parts 
3  or  some  multiple  of  3.  Ovary  3-celled,  free  from  the 
perianth.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  with  endosperm 


24  KEY  AND   FLORA 


I.    AL'LIUM,  Wild  Onion 

Plants  with  the  odor  and  taste  of  onion.  Scape  from  a  coated 
bulb.  Involucre  with  papery  bracts.  Pedicels  not  jointed 
under  the  flowers.  Perianth  rose-color  or  white.  Stamens  6, 
with  filaments  broadening  towards  the  base,  attached  to  the 
perianth.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  rarely  all  ripen- 
ing. (There  are  many  species,  difficult  to  determine.  The 
most  common  are  given.) 

a.  A.  serra'tum  Watson.     Scape   nearly  a  foot   high.      Perianth 
dark  rose-color,  with   divisions   in  2   sets,  dissimilar.     Ovary  with 
wart-like  crests  at  summit.     Outer  bulb  coats  marked  with  a  horizontally 
zigzag  veining  which  tears  readily  along  the  veins.     This  is  common 
and  abundant  wherever  found. 

b.  A.  unifo'lium  Kellogg.      Scape   usually   2   ft.  or   more  high. 
Flowers  pale  rose-color  or  white,  from  10  to  30  in  the  umbels.     Ovary 
smooth  at  summit.     Bulb  propagating  by  a  side  offshoot,  the  white  outer 
coats  marked  by  a  delicate,  complicated  veining.     This  grows  in  wet 
places  and  generally  has  more  than  one  leaf. 

c.  A.  acumina'tum  Hook.      CRIMSON-FLOWERED  ONION.      Scapes 
4-6  in.  high,  from  a  bulb  with  outer  coats,  not  fibrous,  but  marked 
with  hexagonal  or  quadrangular  venation.     Leaves  narrowly  linear. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  2.     Flowers    crimson,  on  pedicels  nearly  an 
inch  long,  in  erect  umbels.     Segments  of  the  perianth  recurved,  with  long, 
pointed  tips,  the  inner  ones  wavy  and  minutely  serrate.    Generally  grow- 
ing in  adobe  soil,  blooming  in  spring  and  early  summer.    It  is  found 
chiefly  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and 
north  to  British  Columbia. 

d.  A.  attenuifo'lium  Kellogg.     Scape  slender,  from  6  in.  to  more 
than  a  foot   high.     Leaves   narrow,    becoming  thread-like   at   tip. 
Bracts  of  the  umbel  2,  short,  acute.     Umbel  with  many  white  flowers. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  pointed,  longer  than  the  stamens.     Ovary 
with  6  crests  at  summit.     Bulb  coats  often  reddish,  with  a  fine,  wavy 
veining.     This  is  found  in  wet  places  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  it  extends  into  Oregon. 

e.  A.  falcifolium  H.  and  A.     Scape  low,  flat,  2-edged.     Leaves  2, 
flat,  broad,  sickle-shaped.     Bracts  2.     Flowers  deep  crimson,  the  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  edged  with  minute,  glandular  teeth.     Capsule 
pointed  with  short,  narrow  crests.     Bulb  large  and  globular,  the  mark- 
ings on  the  coats  not  distinctive.    This  is  found  in  sandy  or  gravelly 
places  on  the  hills  of  the  Coast  Mountains,  especially  northward, 
extending  to  Oregon. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  25 


H.    MUIL'LA 

Similar  to  Allium,  but  without  the  odor  and  taste.  Flowers 
greenish  yellow.  Bracts  of  the  umbels  from  4  to  6,  linear- 
lanceolate.  Ovules  £-10  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 

M.  marit/ima  Watson.  This  is  found  in  the  interior  of  the  state 
and  along  the  coast,  frequently  growing  in  alkaline  soil.  The 
flowers  have  a  delicate  perfume. 


m.    BLOOME'RIA,  Golden  Stars 

Perianth  of  6  nearly  equal,  spreading  divisions  ;  light 
orange,  with  a  dark  midnerve  of  2  closely  parallel  lines. 
Pedicels  jointed  under  the  perianth.  Stamens  6,  with  slender 
filaments  near  It/  as  long  as  the  perianth,  —  each,  at  base,  at- 
tached to  a  short  2-toothed,  hairy  appendage ;  these  uniting  to 
form  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovules  several  in  each 
cell  of  the  ovary. 

B.  au'rea  Kellogg.  GOLDEN  BLOOMERIA,  GOLDEN  STARS.  Bulb 
small,  densely  covered  with  brownish  fibers.  Flowers  usually  nu- 
merous in  the  umbel.  Capsule  beaked  with  the  persistent  style.- 
From  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  and  abundant  wherever  found. 


IV.      BRODUE'A,   GENERALLY  KXOWN  AS  BRODIJEA, 

SOMETIMES  CALLED  Wild  Hyacinth 

Corm  coated  with  brownish  fibers  (sometimes  tissue-like), 
flat  on  the  bottom  when  the  old  part  is  removed.  Leaves 
generally  withering  soon.  Pedicels  of  various  lengths,  jointed 
under  the  perianth.  Flowers  withering  and  persisting,  white, 
blue-purple,  rose-color,  yellow,  or  scarlet ;  in  shape  tubular, 
rotate,  or  funnel-form.  Stamens  in  2  sets,  3  or  6,  attached  to 
the  tube  of  the  perianth,  often  with  wing-like  appendages  on 
the  filaments  ;  when  3,  alternating  with  petal-like  staminodia. 
(Staminodia  are  filaments,  usually  broadened,  without  anthers.) 

(There  are  5  subgenera  which  Professor  Greene  regards 
as  genera;  so,  to  avoid  confusion,  the  species  are  arranged 
under  the  subgenera.) 


26  KEY   AND   FLORA 

SUBGENUS  DICHELOSTEM'MA.  Perianth  tubular,  3  stamens  with 
erect  anthers  and  wing-like  appendages  on  each  side  of  the  filaments,  the 
other  3  free  or  reduced  to  staminodia. 

a.  B.   capita'ta   Benth.     GRASS    NUTS,    BRODI^A,    WILD    HYA- 
CINTH   (often    incorrectly    WILD    ONIONS).       Flowers    blue-purple 
(rarely  white),  in  a  close  umbel,  like  a  head.     Bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre membranous,  dark  purple.      Stamens  with  anthers  6,  the  inner 
anthers  nearly  sessile  with  wing-like  appendages,  the  outer  free,  on  short 
filaments;  the  appendages  of  the  inner  anthers  form   a  crown  in  the 
throat  of  the  perianth.    This  is  abundant  and  widely  distributed.    The 
children  eat  the  bulbs  and  call  them  "  grass  nuts." 

b.  B.  volu'bilis   Baker    (Strophilir'ion).       TWINING     HYACINTH. 
Perianth   rose-color,   with   a  6-angled  tube    nearly  as  long    as  the 
divisions.      Three  stamens  with  anthers  and   wing-like    appendages,  3 
emarginate  staminodia.      Scape  long,  twining   snake-like    around  other 
stems.     The  color  of  the  flowers  and  shape  of  the  umbel  might  lead 
one  to  suppose  this  a  wild  onion.     It  is  common  in  the  foothills  of 
the  Sierras  and  is  found  also  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

c.  B.    coccin'ea    Gray     (Brevoor'tia).       FIRECRACKER    FLOWER. 
Perianth  with  a  scarlet  tube  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  6  short  and 
broad   green    divisions.      Three   stamens   with   icing-like   appendages, 
3  staminodia.      The  staminodia   and  appendages  are  yellow.      The 
scape  is  long  and  wavy,  but  not  twining.      These  brilliant  flowers 
hang,   as  if   too    heavy  to  stand    erect    on   their  slender   pedicels. 
Northern  California. 


SUBGENUS  HOOK'ERA.  Perianth  tubular-funnel-shaped  with  a 
spreading  border.  Flowers  purplish  blue,  lighter  colored  at  base,  thick 
in  texture.  Pedicels  unequal.  Stamens  3,  with  erect  anthers  alternating 
with  3  petal-like  staminodia. 

d.  B.  grandiflo'ra  Smith.     Scape  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  in 
height.     Pedicels  3-10,  curved  outwards  and  upwards,  from  1  to  4  in. 
long.     Anthers  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  filaments.     Staminodia 
white,  tongue-shaped,  as  long  as  the  anthers.     The  flowers  of  this  are 
sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long.     This  blooms  in  summer  later  than 
other  species  growing  in  the  same  localities.     Quite  common. 

e.  B.  terres'tris  Kellogg.     GROUND  LILY.     Scape  scarcely  appear- 
ing above  the  surface  of   the  ground.     Flowers  smaller  than  the 
last.     Staminodia  yellowish,  emarginate,  folded  backwards.     Common 
in  central  California  and  extending  northwards. 

SUBGENUS  CALLIPRO'RA.  Stamens  G,  with  versatile  anthers. 
Filaments  attached  to  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  winged  their  entire  length, 
3-forked  at  top,  with  the  anther  on  the  middle  prong. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  27 

/.  B.  ixioi'des  Watson.  GOLDEN  BRODI^A.  Perianth  funnel- 
form,  with  short  tube  and  spreading  divisions  which  are  yellow  with 
a  brown  midvein.  Capsule  on  a  stipe. 

SUBGENUS  TRITELE1A.  Stamens  6,  3  on  the  throat,  3  below  on 
the  tube,  with  no  appendages  on  the  filaments.  Anthers  versatile.  Capsule 
on  a  stipe. 

g.  B.  lax'a  Watson.  GRASS  LILIES,  ITHURIEL'S  SPEAR,  BLUE 
MILLA.  Scape  erect  from  1  to  2  ft.  high.  Flowers  usually  many,  on 
pedicels  2-4  in.  long,  blue  to  violet  (sometimes  white).  Perianth 
funnel-form,  narrow  at  base.  Capsule  on  a  prominent  stipe.  This  is 
common  and  very  lovely.  The  flowers  are  sometimes  an  inch  or 
more  long.  From  Kern  County  to  northern  Oregon. 

h.  B.  Douglas'ii.  Scape  stout,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  blue,  on  short  pedicels.  Perianth  broadly  tubular, 
with  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube.  Oregon  and  Washington. 

SUBGENUS  HESPEROCOR'DUM.  Stamens  6,  filaments  without  ap- 
pendages, equal,  dilated,  and  united  at  base. 

i.  B.  lac'tea  Watson.  Scape  slender,  from  1  to  2  ft.  high.  Flowers 
numerous,  on  pedicels  from  1  to  2  in.  long.  Perianth  funnel-form,  thin 
in  texture,  white  with  a  green  midvein  on  each  division.  Anthers 
yellow  or  purple,  erect.  Capsule  almost  round,  beaked  by  the  pointed 
style,  stipitate.  In  northern  California  and  north  to  Washington. 


V.    LII/IUM,  True  Lilies 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  whorls  on  tall,  leafy  stems.  Bulbs 
formed  of  thick,  lanceolate  scales.  Perianth  deciduous,  funnel- 
form,  with  6  nearly  equal,  spreading  divisions.  Anthers  linear, 
versatile,  on  long  filaments.  Ovary  sessile.  Fruit  a  pod,  with 
2  rows  of  flat  seeds  in  each  cell.  Leaves  often  in  whorls, 
net-veined.  Bracts  leaf-like.  Nectary  a  narrow  groove. 

a.  L.  Washingtonia'num  Kellogg.  WASHINGTON  LILY.  Stems 
simple,  from  2  to  5  ft.  high.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  from  6  to  10, 
oblanceolate.  Flowers  large,  pure  white,  or  dotted  with  purple,  fading 
purplish,  from  2  to  20,  hanging  on  ascending  pedicels  in  a  simple  or 
compound  raceme.  Perianth  divisions  not  recurved.  The  flowers  are 
fragrant,  from  3  to  4  in.  long  and  spreading  nearly  as  wide.  This 
fine  lily  generally  grows  in  the  shade,  in  the  higher  Sierra  Xevada 
Mountains  and  in  Oregon. 


28  KEY  AND   FLORA 

b.  L.  pardali'num  Kellogg.     TIGER  LILY,  LEOPARD  LILY.     Stems 
simple,  3-7  ft.  high,  from  a  bulb  like  a  thick  rootstock,  forming 
clumps.     Leaves   acuminate   in  whorls    of  from   9  to   15,  lanceolate, 
pointed-,  3-nerved,  varying  in  width.    Flowers  in  racemes,  the  lowest 
often  whorled,    nodding  at   the   ends   of  long   spreading  pedicels. 
Perianth  orange  below,  spotted  with  reddish  purple ;  segments  curled 
backwards.     Anthers  red.     This   is  frequent  along  streams  under 
the  trees,  in  the  Coast  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

c.  L.  Humbold'tii  Roezl.  and  Leicht.     HUMBOLDT'S  LILY,  TIGER 
LILY.     Steins  stout,  purplish,  4-8  ft.  high,  from  bulbs  2-6  in.  in 
diameter  composed  of   fleshy,  ovate-lanceolate  scales  2-3  in.  long. 
Leaves  large,  with  undulate,  rough  margins,  in  4-6  whorls  and  with 
10-20    in    each    whorl.      Flowers   large,    drooping,    on    stout    widely 
spreading  pedicels  which  are  from  a  few  inches  to  nearly  a  foot  long. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  3-4  in.   long,  reddish  orange,  spotted  with 
purple,  curled  back.     Stamens  about  equaling  the  style,  anthers  red. 
Capsule  large,   sharply  6-angled.     This  blooms  in  summer  and  is 
frequent  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  south 
to  near  San  Diego. 

d.  L.  par'vum  Kellogg.     SMALL  TIGER  LILY.    Stems  slender,  1  to 
more  than  6  'ft.  high,  from  a  small  bulb  composed  of  short,  thick, 
jointed  scales.     Leaves  scattered  or  in  whorls,  2-5  in.  long.    Flowers 
small,  erect,  or  nearly  so,  on  slender,  almost  erect  pedicels.     Segments  of 
the  perianth  about  an  inch  long,  orange,  spotted  toith  purple,  reddish  at 
the  recurved  spreading  tips.     Stamens  almost  as  long  as  the  style. 
Capsule  roundish,  less  than  an  inch  long.     This  is  frequent  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  north  to  Oregon. 

e.  L.  Columbia'num  Hanson.     Bulb  small,  with  fleshy  white  scales 
closely  folded  over  each  other.     Stems  slender,  2—3  ft.  high.     Upper 
and  lower  leaves  scattered,  the  others  in  whorls  of  5-several,  oblanceo- 
late.     Flowers  nodding,  few  or  many,  on  scattered,  slender,  curving 
pedicels.      Perianth    bright   orange  spotted  with  purple,  the  segments 
1-2  in.  long,   revolute.      Anthers  yellow.      Capsule    an   inch   long, 
6-angled.    This  beautiful  lily  is  common  in  Washington  and  Oregon 
and  is  found  in  northern  California. 

VI.    FRITILLA'RIA,  Mission  Bells,  Rice  Roots 

Stems  simple,  leafy.  Bulb  with  round,  thick  scales,  often 
like  grains  of  rice.  Flowers  in  racemes,  nodding  on  rather 
short  pedicels.  Perianth  bell-shaped  with  separate  divisions, 
nectary  a  shallow  pit. 

a.  F.  lanceola'ta  Pursh.  CHECKERED  LILY.  Leaves  in  from 
1  to  3  whorls,  lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels^ 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  .        29 

checkered  variously  in  dark  purple  and  greenish  yellow.  Pods  with 
winged  angles.  Bulb  solid,  not  dividing  into  scales,  but  with  rice-like 
grains  over  the  whole  upper  surface.  In  the  Coast  Mountains  extend- 
ing to  British  Columbia. 

b.  F.  biflo'ra  Lindl.  CHOCOLATE  LILY.  Leaves  scattered  or  some- 
times whorled.  Flowers  1-3,  brownish  red  or  sometimes  greenish 
purple.  Pod  angled  but  not  winged.  Bulb  composed  of  thick,  separable 
scales  and  without  rice-like  grains.  More  common  southward. 

o.  F.  recur'va  Benth.  Stem  rather  stout  and  tall,  generally  more 
than  a  foot  high.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  in  2  whorls  near  the 
middle  of  the  stem.  Flowers  1-9,  scarlet  spotted  with  yellow,  obtuse  at 
base.  This  is  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  it  extends 
northward  into  Oregon. 

d.  F.  coccin'ea  Greene.     This  is  similar  to  the  above,  but  the  flowers 
are  acute  at  the  base.     It  is  found  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

e.  F.  atropurpu'rea  Nutt.     Stem  6  in.  to  a  foot  high.     Leaves  scat- 
tered or  ichorled.     Flowers  dull  purplish  or  greenish,  often  imperfect, 
less  than  an  inch  across  when  expanded.    Pod  with  3  short  angles,  broad- 
est at  the  top.     From  northeastern  California  to  the  Columbia  River. 

/.  F.  pu'dica  Sprang.  Stems  3-8  in.  high.  Leaves  few,  scattered 
or  whorled.  Flowers  generally  solitary,  yellow  or  orange  and  tinged 
with  crimson.  Pod  oblong,  with  angles  obtuse.  From  east  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  British  Columbia. 


VH.    ERYTHRO'NIUM,  Dog-tooth  Violet,  Adder's  Tongue 

Scapes  from  an  oblong,  deep-seated  corm,  generally  with  a 
tooth-like  offshoot.  Leaves  broad,  often  mottled  with  brownish 
red.  generally  2  at  the  base,  spreading  in  opposite  directions. 
Flowers  one  or  several  in  an  umbel.  Perianth  nodding,  open 
bell-shaped,  of  6  recurved  divisions.  Stamens  6,  with  erect 
anthers  and  slender  filaments.  Pods  3-sided. 

a.  E.  gigante'um  Lindl.    Scape  from  10  to  15  in.  high.    Flowers  1-6 
in  an  umbel.     Leaves  often  mottled,  6-10  in.  long.     Flowers  cream- 
color,  often  tinged  with  pink  or  brown,  yellow  in  the  center.     Seg- 
ments 1-2  in.  long,  much  recurved.     In  the  Coast  Mountains  from 
Sonoma  County  to  Washington. 

b.  E.  Hartwe'gi  Watson.     Scape  shorter.     Leaves  generally  mottled, 
sometimes  3.    Flowers  pale  yellow,  orange  at  the  center,  with  segments 
1-1  j  in.  long,  recurved  but  little.    Flowers  on  slender  stems,  from  1  to  5, 
in  a  sessile  umbel.     This  is  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

c.  E.  grandiflo'rum  Pursh.    Leaves  not  mottled.    Flowers  1-6,  yellow 
or  cream  color,  with  the  base  of  the  perianth  white.     Anthers  purple. 


30  KEY  AND   FLORA 

Pods  oblong,  narrowed  at  base.     This  is  common  in  Washington 
and  Oregon. 

VIII.    YUC'CA,  Spanish  Bayonet,  Soapweed 

Leaves  stiff  and  pointed  like  daggers,  growing  in  a  bunch. 
Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  of  6  thick  divisions, 
bell-shaped,  nodding.  Stamens  with  thick  filaments  attached 
to  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  3,  united. 
Fruit  with  cells  incompletely  divided.  Seeds  black,  flat,  2  rows 
in  each  cell. 

a.  Y.  Whip'plei  Torr.      Scape  4-12  ft.  high  and  about  2  in.  in 
diameter,  clothed  with  sharp-pointed  bracts  close  to  the  stem,  rising 
from  amidst  a  thick  bunch  of  narrow,  dagger-like  leaves.     Flowers 
in  a  panicle.     Segments  of  the  perianth  cream-color,  1-2  in.  long. 
The  plant  from  which  the  scape  springs  dies  after  fruiting ;   but  the 
dead  scapes  often  remain  standing  like  slender  white  posts  on  the 
hillsides. 

b.  Y.  arbores'cens  Torr.     This  is  the  tree  Yucca  of  the  Mojave 
Desert. 


IX.    CALOCHOR'TUS,  Butterfly  Tulip,  Mariposa  Lily 

Perianth  with  3  outer  segments  sepal-like,  the  3  inner  petal- 
like,  each  with  a  large  honey-gland  near  the  base,  densely  covered 
with  hairs.  Flowers  erect  or  drooping,  solitary,  in  racemes 
or  in  umbels,  beautifully  and  variously  colored.  Stamens  6, 
with  erect  anthers.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 

a.  C.   alb'us   Dougl.      SATIN    BELL,    HAIRY   BELL,   ALABASTER 
TULIP.     Flowers  white,  or  pinkish  with  a  satiny  texture.     Segments 
of  the  perianth  curved  inwards,  forming  a  close  roundish  bell  in  shape 
something  like  a  sleigh  bell,  very  hairy  within.     Gland  crescent-shaped, 
almost  concealed  by  the  long  hairs  of  the  perianth.     Anthers  linear- 
oblong,  tipped  by  a  blunt  point.     Capsule  winged.     The  stems  are 
rather  tall,  leafy  and  branching,  bearing  numerous  flowers.     This 
grows  on  shady  banks  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  C.  pulchellus  Dougl.     GOLDEN  BELLS.     Flowers  shaped  as  the 
preceding,  yellow,  hairy  within  and  on  the  margins;  flowers  rather  few. 
This  has  been  mistaken  for  the  next,  which  is  much  commoner. 

c.  C.  amab'ilis  Purdy.      DIOGENES'  LANTERN.      Similar  to  the 
above,  but  the  flowers  are  more  numerous,  smaller,  and  the  segments 
of  the  perianth  curve  inwards  so  much  that  they  overlap,  hairy  on  the 
margin  only.     This  is  common  in  northern  California. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  31 

d.  C.  amoe'nus  Greene.    ROSY  BELLS.    This  is  similar  to  C.  amabilis 
in  form,  but  is  deep  rose-color.     It  grows  in  the  foothills  of  the 
southern  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

e.  C.  Ben'thami  Baker.     YELLOW  STAR  TULIPS.     Flowers  bell- 
shaped  with  incurved  petals,  erect  when  open.     Petals  yellow,  densely 
covered  with  yellow  hairs,  the  gland' shallow  and  crescent>shaped 
above  the  brown  claw.     Capsules  nodding  on  slender  recurved  pedi- 
cels.    Low  slender  plants  with  from  2  to  6  flowers.     Common  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  from  Mariposa  to  Siskiyou  County. 

/.  C.  Mawea'nus  Leicht.  MOUSE-EARS.  Flowers  less  than  an  inch 
in  diameter,  with  spreading  divisions,  erect  in  full  bloom,  white  or 
bluish.  Inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  densely  covered  with  long 
white  or  purplish  hairs.  Honey-gland  semicircular.  Anthers 
pointed.  Capsule  winged,  nodding.  Stems  low,  branched,  with 
from  3  to  6  flowers.  Common  in  northern  California.  Spring. 

g.  C.  el'egans  Pursh.  Scape  2-3-flowered,  generally  shorter  than 
the  single  grass-like  leaf.  Flowers  on  short  thread-like  pedicels 
which  are  not  much  longer  than  the  bracts.  Petals  about  £  inch 
long,  white,  with  a  smooth  purple  spot  at  base,  covered  on  the  inside  icith 
purple  down.  Pods  nodding.  The  roots  are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 
It  is  found  from  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  British  Columbia.  Spring. 

h.  C.  uniflo'rus  H.  &  A.  Scapes  erect  with  1-3  flowers.  Petals 
lilac,  an  inch  long,  with  the  upper  margin  denticulate  ;  gland  purple, 
densely  hairy,  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  petal  above.  Pods 
nodding.  This  is  found  in  middle  California  near  the  coast.  Spring. 

i.  C.  umbella'tus  Wood.  Scapes  low  and  often  decumbent. 
Flowers  generally  many  in  1-3  umbels  or  corymbs  on  long  slender 
pedicels.  Petals  white  or  tinged  with  pink  about  £  inch  long,  with 
some  hairs  on  the  lower  half;  gland  covered  with  a  narrow  scale. 
Pods  obtuse  at  each  end,  nodding.  This  is  found  on  slopes  of  hills  in 
the  Coast  Mountains  of  middle  California.  Spring. 

j.  C.  nu'dus  Watson.  Low  and  slender  with  one  leaf.  Flowers 
1-6  in  one  umbel.  Petals  white  or  pale  lilac,  fan-shaped,  denticu- 
late on  the  upper  margin,  icholly  without  hairs ;  gland  shallow,  divided 
by  a  transverse,  denticulate  scale.  Pod  acute  at  each  end,  nodding. 
This  is  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  from  the  Yosemite 
northward.  Early  summer. 

k.  C.  clava'tus  Watson.  Erect  stems  a  foot  or  two  high.  Flowers 
tulip-shaped,  erect.  Sepals  yellow  on  the  inner  side,  with  a  brownish 
spot  at  base,  greenish  on  the  outer  side.  Petals  yellow,  with  a  deep, 
rotThd  gland  surrounded  by  yellow,  club-shaped  hairs.  Anthers  purple, 
obtuse.  Pod  erect,  narrowly  oblong,  with  thick,  obtusely  angled 
cells.  Southern  California.  Early  summer. 

/.'  C.  WeecTii  Wood.  Stem  branching,  leafy,  a  foot  or  more  high. 
Sepals  as  long  as  the  petals,  orange  on  the  inner  side  with  a  brown 


32  KEY   AND  FLORA 

spot  at  base.  Petals  l-l£  in.  long,  fan-shaped,  deep  yellow,  dotted  and 
often  margined  with  brownish  purple,  covered  with  slender  yellow  or 
purple  hairs  ;  gland  small,  round,  densely  hairy.  Pod  erect,  narrowed 
to  the  top,  1£  in.  long.  The  variety  purpuras'cens  Watson  has  the 
petals  wholly  purple  or  blotched  with  purple.  These  are  common  in 
southern  California.  Early  summer. 

m.  C.  lu'teus  Dougl.  GOLDEN  TULIP.  Flowers  erect,  tulip-shaped, 
greenish  yellow,  and  variously  marked  with  brownish  purple,  slightly 
hairy  within.  Honey-gland  round  or  crescent-shaped,  densely  covered 
with  yellow  hairs.  Anthers  yellow,  linear-oblong,  obtuse.  Capsule 
erect,  narrowed  towards  the  top.  This  is  the  most  widely  distributed 
species  and  is  quite  variable.  Early  summer. 

n.  C.  lu'teus  var.  ocula'tus  Watson.  This  is  similar  to  C.  luteus, 
except  in  the  color  and  markings  of  the  petals.  They  are  white, 
cream,  or  purple,  with  a  central  brownish  spot  which  is  usually  bordered 
with  yellow.  The  claw  is  yellow  or  purplish,  and  the  gland  is  narrowly 
crescent-shaped  and  covered  with  brownish  or  yellowish  hairs.  This 
includes  a  great  variety  of  color  forms,  and  has  a  wide  range.  It  is 
the  commonest  species  in  the  northern  Californian  valleys,  and  is 
found  in  both  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Mountains  from  Fresno 
County  to  Oregon.  Early  summer. 

o.  C.  Nuttal'lii  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  always  bearing  a  small  bulb 
at  base.  Flowers  erect,  tulip-shaped,  1-several  in  umbel-like  clusters. 
Sepals  ovate  lanceolate  with  papery  margins,  generally  yellowish 
within.  Petals  ivhite  or  tinged  with  lilac,  with  a  purplish  spot 
above  the  yellow  base.  Gland  round  or  oblong,  densely  hairy,  and 
surrounded  by  long,  scattered  hairs.  Anthers  obtuse,  sagittate  at  base. 
Capsule  erect,  narrowed  upwards.  This  is  found  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  especially  northward,  to  Oregon.  Early 
summer. 

p.  C.  venus'tus  Benth.  BUTTERFLY  TULIP.  Flowers  erect,  tulip- 
shaped,  white,  often  tinged  with  lilac,  or  purplish  throughout,  generally 
marked  ivith  a  red  spot  near  the  top  of  the  petals,  like  a  drop  of  blood. 
Honey-gland  narrowly  oblong,  hairy.  The  markings  above  the  glands 
are  beautiful  and  exceedingly  variable.  Pods  erect.  This  is  widely 
distributed  in  various  forms.  Early  summer. 

q.  C.  splen'dens  Dougl.  LILAC  TULIP.  Flowers  erect,  tulip-shaped, 
lilac  above  with  scattered  white  hairs,  paler  beneath.  '  Gland  round, 
densely  hairy,  sometimes  wanting.  Anthers  purple,  obtuse  or  acute. 
Pods  erect.  This  is  common  in  the  southern  parts  of  California. 
Early  summer. 

r.  C.  macrocar'pus  Dougl.  Stems  stout,  erect,  1-2  ft.  high,  'with 
1-2  tulip-shaped  flowers.  Leaves  3-5,  narrow,  convolute.  Sepals 
about  as  long  as  the  petals,  narrowly  pointed,  lilac  on  the  inner  side. 
Petals  obovate  with  pointed  apex,  1^-2  inches  long,  dark  lilac,  paler  at 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  33 

base  and  with  a  greenish  line  down  the  middle ;  gland  oblong,  densely 
hairy,  and  with  some  scattered  glandular  hairs  above.  Pods  erect, 
narrowed  upwards,  about  2  inches  long.  This  is  found  from  north- 
ern California  to  Washington  and  Idaho.  Summer. 

X.    .CAMAS'SIA,  Camass 

Flowers  usually  deep  blue  in  a  simple  raceme  with  papery 
bracts.  Perianth  of  6  oblanceolate  segments,  spreading  open. 
Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Style  slender,  with 
3  divisions.  This  has  a  coated  bulb  and  grows  in  swampy 
places.  The  flowers  are  rarely  white. 

C.  esculen'ta  Lindl.  Scape  from  1  to  2  ft.  high.  Leaves  many,  near 
the  base,  keeled.  Style  as  long  as  the  perianth.  Stamens  shorter, 
with  awl-shaped  filaments  and  linear,  versatile  anthers.  The  bulbs 
are  eaten  by  the  Indians.  This  grows  through  middle  California 
and  north  to  Washington.  Early  summer. 

XI.    CHLOROG'ALUM,  Soap  Plant,  Amole 

Stems  almost  leafless  from  a  bulb,  either  fibrous  or  mem- 
branous-coated. Leaves  mostly  radical,  linear,  with  very  wavy 
margins.  Flowering  branches  widely  spreading,  with  the 
flowers  scattered  on  short  pedicels.  Perianth  of  6  oblong 
spreading  segments  which  persist  and  become  twisted  over  the 
ovary.  Stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  segments,  to  which  they 
are  adnate  at  base.  Capsule  3-lobed,  broadest  at  top,  with 
1  or  2  black  seeds  in  each  cell. 

C.  pomeridia'num  Kunth.  SOAP  PLANT,  AMOLE.  Bulb  large, 
covered  with  coarse  brown  fibers.  Leaves  6-18  in.  long,  and  nearly 
an  inch  wide.  Flowers  with  the  white  segments  veined  with  purple, 
spreading  widely  from  the  very  base.  Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the 
flowers.  The  flowers  open  suddenly  in  the  afternoon,  and  are  con- 
spicuous on  the  leafless  stems.  The  bulb  is  used  as  a  substitute  for 
soap.  It  is  widely  distributed  and  blooms  in  summer. 

XH.    ZYGADE'NUS 

Stems  stout  from  a  deep  bulb.  Leaves  linear,  chiefly  near 
the  Base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicled  racemes. 
Perianth  greenish  white,  spreading  star-like,  with  a  greenish 


34  KEY   AND   FLORA 

yellow  gland  at  the  base  of  the  segments.    Stamens  nearly  free, 
with  filaments  at  first  recurved. 

a.  Z.  Fremon'ti  Torr.    Bulb  with  outer  coats  almost  black.    Stems 
from  a  few  inches  to  about  4  ft.  high.     Racemes  simple  or  compound, 
with  few  or  many  flowers.     Bracts  leaf-like.     Flowers  from  less  than 
a  half  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter.     Perianth  entirely  free  from 
the  ovary ;  outer  segments  without  a  claw,  inner  with  claws.     Glands 
wavy.     Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth.     Styles  short.     Capsule 
oblong,  3-lobed,  septicidally  dehiscent.     Spring. 

b.  Z.   veneno'sus    Watson.      DEATH    CAMASS,    HOG'S    POTATO. 
Flowers  smaller  than  the  preceding,  generally  in  a  simple  raceme, 
the  lower  sometimes  staminate.      Segments  of  the  perianth   from 
triangular-ovate  to  elliptical,  with  blades  rounded  or  slightly  cordate 
at  base,  all  with  claws.     Capsule  oblong-ovate  with  2  seeds  in  each 
cell.     This  grows  in  wet  meadows  or  along  streams.     The  bulb  is 
said  to  be  poisonous,  except  to  hogs.     Spring. 


XIII.    SMILACI'NA,  False  Solomon's  Seal 

Stems  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  simple,  leafy.  Flowers 
white,  very  small,  in  a  simple  or  compound  terminal  raceme. 
Anthers  versatile  on  awl-shaped  filaments.  Fruit  a  berry. 

a.  S.  amplexicaulis  Nutt.     Stems  from  1  to  3  ft.  high.     Leaves 
broad,  half  clasping  the  stem.     Flowers  very  small,  in  an  oblong  or 
pyramidal  panicle.     Filaments  equaling  or  even  surpassing  the  divi- 
sions of  the  perianth*  in  length  and  breadth.     Fruit  a  light-red  berry 
with  darker  dots.     This  is  common  in  rich,  shady  woods.     Spring. 

b.  S.  sessilifolia  Nutt.     Steins  not  so  tall.     Leaves  narrower  and 
lighter  green.    Raceme  simple,  with  star-like  flowers  on  spreading  pedicels. 
Stems  half  as  long  as  the  divisions  of  the  perianth.     Berry  green 
with  red  lines,  becoming  dark  red  when  fully  ripe.     This  is  common 
in  shady  woods.     Spring. 


XIV.    DIS'PORUM  (PROSAR'TES),  Fairy  Bells,  Drops  of  Gold 

Stems  from  a  spreading  rootstock,  widely  branching,  leafy. 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  clasping.  Flowers  greenish  white, 
bell-shaped,  hanging  under  the  leaves  from  the  upper  axils. 
Fruit  an  orange  or  salmon-color  berry. 

a.  D.  Menzie'sii  Benth.  &  Hook.  Perianth  broad  at  base,  with 
divisions  somewhat  swollen.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  35 

Style  3-cleft.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  often  cordate  at  base.  Fruit  a 
pear-shaped,  salmon-color  berry.  This  grows  along  the  banks  of 
streams  in  shady  woods  of  the  Coast  Mountains.  Spring. 

b.  D.   Hook'eri   Benth.   &  Hook.      Perianth    narrow   at   base,  with 
spreading  segments.     Stamens  equaling  or  surpassing  the  perianth. 
Leaves  ovate,  deeply  cordate  at  base,  rough  to  the  touch.     Fruit  an 
orange,  obovate  berry,  somewhat  pubescent.      This  grows  in   shady 
woods,  but  not  close  to  the  water.     Spring. 

c.  D.  trachyan'drum  Benth.  &  Hook.     This  is  Similar  to  the  last, 
with  the  stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth.      Fruit  smooth,  with  a 
stout  beak.    This  grows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.     Spring. 

XV.    CLINTO'NIA 

Stems  very  short  from  a  rootstock.  Leaves  all  from  the 
base,  large,  oblanceolate,  sheathing,  with  many  veins  and  the 
veinlets  transverse.  Flowers  solitary  or  on  a  scape-like 
peduncle,  in  umbels  or  whorls.  Perianth  of  6  oblanceolate 
divisions,  soon  falling  to  pieces.  Stamens  on  the  segments  of 
the  perianth  with  thread-like  filaments  and  versatile  anthers. 
Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled.  Fruit  a  beautiful  blue  berry,  smooth 
and  glossy.  Seeds  few  to  many. 

a.  C.  uniflo'ra  Kunth.      Covered  more  or  less  with  woolly  hairs. 
Stem  above  groin,  d  scarcely  any.      Leaves  4-8  in.  long,  1-2  in. 
broad,  narrowed  at  base.    Peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  bearing  1,  or 
rarely  2,  white  floicers,  erect,  nearly  an  inch  across.     This  beautiful  and 
delicate  flower   grows   in    the  woods  and  is  found  from   northern 
California  to  British  Columbia.    It  blooms  in  late  spring  or  summer. 

b.  C.  Andrewsia'na  Ton.      Almost  smooth.      Stem  2-6  in.  long, 
bearing  5  or  6  large  leaves  nearly  a  foot  long  and  2-4  in.  wide,  bright 
green  and  very  luxuriant,  forming  a  circular  bunch  around  the  tall 
scape,  which  is  a  foot  or  two  high.     Flowers  generally  many,  in  umbels 
or  whorled  fascicles,  deep  rose-color,  pendent.     Perianth  broad  at  base, 
^-^  in.  long.     This  is  found  in  the  redwood  groves  and  is  in  bloom 
in  early  summer.     It  is  one  of  tlie  most  conspicuous  plants,  whether 
in  fruit  or  flower  or  with  only  its  tropical-looking  leaves. 


XVI.    STREP'TOPUS,  Twisted  Stalk 

Stems  from  slender,  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy,  glaucous, 
branching  in  pairs.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  lance-shaped, 
veinlets  transverse.  Flowers  usually  solitary  from  the  leaf 


36  KEY  AND   FLORA 

axils,  on  slender,  simple  or  forked  peduncles,  bell-shaped,  greenish 
white,  with  the  divisions  recurved  at  tip.  Fruit  a  round  berry 
with  3  cells  and  many  seeds. 

S.  amplexifo'lius  DC.  Stems  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  heart-shaped 
at  base,  2-5  in.  long,  rough  on  the  margins.  Perianth  about  half 
an  inch  long.  This  is  found  in  damp,  shady  places  from  northern 
California  to  Washington.  It  blooms  in  the  spring. 

XVII.    TRII/LIUM,  Wake  Robin 

Stems  erect,  naked  up  to  the  three  leaves  which  are  in  a 
whorl  under  the  flower.  Leaves  netted-veined,  large  and 
broad.  Perianth  withering,  but  not  falling.  Outer  divisions 
(sepals)  greenish,  inner  (petals)  colored.  Filaments  short. 
Anthers  long,  erect.  Stigmas  sessile  on  the  sessile  ovary. 

a.  T.  ses'sile  L.     Leaves  broad,  round-ovate,  often  mottled  with 
reddish  brown,  crowded.     Flowers  and  leaves  sessile.     Petals  white, 
rose-color,  deep  wine-color,  or  greenish  yellow.     This  is  common  in 
woods  near  the  coast.     It  is  exceedingly  variable  in  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  leaves  and  parts  and  color  of  the  flowers. 

b.  T.  ova'tum  Pursh.     Leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  acute  or 
pointed.     Flowers  -on  a  peduncle  from  1  to  3  in.  long.     Petals  white, 
turning  rose-color  as  they  fade.     This  has  the  same  range  as  the 
preceding,  but  is  usually  earlier  and  less  common. 

c.  T.  petiola'tum  Pursh.      Stem  short.      Leaves  ovate  to  kidney- 
shaped,  with  petioles  equaling  or  longer  than  the  blade.    Flowers  sessile. 
Petals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  dull 
purple.     This  is  found  through  Oregon  and  Washington. 


AMARYLLIDA'CEJE.     CENTURY  PLANT  FAMILY 

Mostly  smooth  perennial  herbs,  sending  up  from  the  root  a 
scape  and  leaves  which  show  no  distinction  between  petiole 
and  blade.  Stamens  6.  Tube  of  the  6-parted  perianth  adnate 
to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Capsule  3-celled,  several  or  many  seeded. 
The  Chinese  Sacred  Lily,  the  Narcissus,  Jonquil,  and  Daffodils 
belong  to  this  family. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  37 


I.    AGA'VE,  Century  Plant,  American  Aloe 

Plants  with  large,  thick,  spiny-pointed  and  spiny-toothed 
leaves.  The  flowers  are  numerous  on  short  bracted  pedicels, 
in  spikes  or  panicles,  at  the  summit  of  a  tall  woody  scape 
clothed  with  bracts.  The  perianth  is  thick  and  fleshy,  tubular 
or  bell-shaped,  with  the  6  divisions  nearly  equal.  Filaments 
bent  in  the  bud,  but  becoming  straight  and  extending  beyond 
the  perianth.  Capsule  leathery,  with  numerous  flattened  black 
seeds.  Different  species  of  Century  Plants  are  common  in 
cultivation,  and  several  species  are  native  in  desert  regions. 
It  blooms  in  California  when  10  to  20  years  old.  "  Pulque," 
a  Mexican  drink,  is  made  from  the  sap  of  some  species. 

n.    NARCIS'SUS,  Narcissus,  Jonquil 

Flowers  with  a  cup-shaped  crown  at  the  throat  of  the  perianth. 
Tube  of  the  perianth  somewhat  cylindrical,  the  6  divisions 
of  the  border  widely  spreading.  Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the 
tube.  Scapes  with  1  to  several  flowers  from  a  thin,  dry 
spathe. 

N.  Tazet'ta.  CHINESE  SACRED  LILY.  Flowers  white,  with  yellow 
cup ;  fragrant.  Leaves  and  scapes  from  a  large  bulb,  like  an  onion. 
This  is  cultivated  especially  by  the  Chinese  and  usually  grows  in 
water.  It  is  in  bloom  during  the  winter,  about  the  time  of  the 
Chinese  New  Year,  and  can  readily  be  obtained  for  class  study. 


IRIDA'CEJE.  •  IRIS  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  equitant  2-ranked  leaves.  Flowers  showy, 
perfect.  Tube  of  the  perianth  attached  to  the  ovary,  which 
is  enclosed  by  spathe-like  bracts.  Stamens  3,  with  anthers 
turned  outwards.  Style  1,  stigmas  3,  often  petal-like.  Capsule 
3-celled  and  many-seeded. 

I.     THIS,  Blue  Flag,  Fleur  de  Lis,  Flower  de  Luce 

Sepals  3,  turned  backwards,  larger  than  the  3  erect  petals. 
Stamens  3,  distinct,  borne  on  the  sepals.  Anthers  long,  and 


38  KEY   AND   FLORA 

covered  by  the  petal-like  branches  of  the  style.     Perennials 
with  dagger-shaped  leaves  and  large  rootstocks. 

a.  I.  macrosi'phon  Torr.     Stems  low,  forming  mats  of  bright  green, 
narrow,  erect  leaves,  amid  which  the  flowers  arise,  overtopped  by  the 
leaves.     Perianth  with  a  slender  tube  from  1  to  4  ^n-  long,  easily  break- 
ing.    Flowers  dark  blue,  rarely  cream-color. 

b.  I.  Douglasia'na  Herbert.     Taller  than  the  last,  but  also  growing 
in  mats.     Leaves  dark  green,  rose-color  at  base,  laxly  spreading. 
Stems  bent  about  the  middle.      Tube  of  the  perianth  slender,  an  inch 
or  more  long.     Flowers  variable  in  color ;   cream,  rose-color,  violet, 
and  purplish  blue.     This  is  the  most  widely  distributed  species. 

c.  I.  longipet'ala  Herbert.     Stems  stout,  more  than  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  glaucous.      Flowers  larger   than   the  preceding.      Perianth 
funnel-form  at  base,  sessile  on  the  ovary.     Sepals  from  2  to  3  in.  long, 
beautifully  veined  with  yellow  and  violet.    Petals  shorter.    Petal-like 
branches  of  the  style  with  broad  crests.     This  Iris  covers  acres  of 
ground  in  low  places  near  San  Francisco. 

d.  I.  Missourien'sis.     Stems  slender,  the  few  leaves  shorter  than 
the  stem.     Bracts  papery,  dilated.     Flowers  blue,  generally  2  in  a 
spathe.     Sepals  and  petals  2  or  3  in.  long,  with  narrow  claws.    This 
grows  in  moist  or  wet  places  and  is  widely  distributed.     It  blooms 
in  spring. 

II.     SISYRIN'CHIUM,  Blue-eyed  Grass,  Star-eyed  Grass 

Perianth  6-parted,  with  the  spreading  divisions  all  alike. 
Stamens  monadelphous.  Stigmas  3-cleft,  very  slender,  usually 
twisted  together.  These  are  small  grass-like  perennials,  with 
pretty  flowers  that  soon  wither,  borne  on  slender  scapes. 

a.  S.  bellum  Watson.     BLUE-EYED  GRASS.     Stems  usually  about 
a  foot  high.     Leaves  shorter.     Spathes  2,  nearly  equal,  enveloping 
the  flowers  in  bud.     Flowers  4-7 1  purplish  blue,  yellow  at  the  center. 
Divisions  3-toothed  or  tipped  with  a  point.     Stamens  with  the  filaments 
united  to   the    anthers.      Stigmas    short,   hardly  apparent.      Capsule 
globular.      This  is  common  in  damp  places. 

b.  S.  grandiflo'rum  Dougl.    Scapes  about  a  foot  high.    Spathe  with 
1-4  flowers,  flattened  but  not  winged,  surpassing  the  leaves.     Bracts 
broad,  unequal,  the  larger  exceeding  the  flowers.     Perianth  an  inch 
and  a  half   across,    reddish  purple,   occasionally  white.      Filaments 
united  only  at  the  broad  base.     Style  merely  cleft  at  apex.     This  most 
beautiful  species  ranges  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

c.  S.  Calif or'nicum  Ait.    STAR-EYED  GRASS,  GOLDEN-EYED  GRASS. 
Scape  winged,  a  foot  or  more  high,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Flowers 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  39 

from  3  to  7,  yellow,  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter.  Spathe  1.  Filaments 
united  at  base  only.  Style  divided  to  the  middle.  Capsule  oblong. 
This  stains  the  paper  purple  when  it  is  pressed.  It  grows  in  swampy 
places  near  the  ocean. 

ORCHIDA'CE^.     ORCHIS  FAMILY 

Perennials,  with  perfect  flowers  of  peculiar  shapes,  perianth 
of  6  divisions  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  which  contains  an 
immense  number  of  ovules.  The  stamens  are  1  or  2,  united 
with  the  pistil.  The  pollen  is  of  a  few  waxy  grains,  held 
together  by  cobweb-like  threads.  The  family  is  difficult,  and 
the  specimens  are  so  rare  that  they  should  not  be  collected  in 
large  numbers  for  class  study.  The  most  familiar  genera  are 
Cypripe'dium,  Lady's  Slipper ;  Spiran'thes,  Ladies'  Tresses ; 
Habena'ria;  and  JEpipac'tis. 


SUBCLASS   II.  —  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS 

Stems  composed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  ;  in  woody  stems 
which  live  over  from  year  to  year,  the  wood  is  generally  in 
annual  rings,  traversed  at  right  angles  by  medullary  rays. 
Leaves  netted-veined.  Cotyledons  2  (rarely  more). 

DIVISION  I 

APETALOUS  PLANTS.  FLOWERS  WITHOUT  A  COROLLA,  OFTEN 
WITHOUT  A  CALYX.  CALYX  OFTEN  COLORED  LIKE  A 
COROLLA. 

PIPERA'CE.32.     YERBA  MANSA  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs  with  jointed  or  scape-like  stems.  Leaves 
entire,  with  petioles  dilated  at  base,  and  without  stipules. 
Flowers  perfect,  without  perianth,  in  dense  terminal  spikes, 
with  a  bract  under  each  flower.  Stigmas  l-o,  stamens  3-6 
or  more. 


40  KEY   AND   FLORA 


HOUTTUY'NIA  (ANEMOP'SIS),  Yerba  Mansa 

Herbs  with  aromatic,  creeping  rootstocks,  and  most  of  the 
leaves  radical.  Flowers  in  spikes,  subtended  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre  on  a  few-leaved  stem.  Sepals  and  petals  none,  a 
petal-like  bract  under  each  flower.  Stamens  on  the  base  of 
the  ovary.  Ovaries,  sunk  in  the  fleshy  axis  of  the  spike,  each 
consisting  of  several  follicles,  which  open  and  appear  to  form 
a  1-celled  pod  with  several  parietal  placentae  ;  when  ripe, 
opening  at  the  apex,  leaving  the  old  spikes  full  of  regularly 
arranged  holes. 

H.  Califor'nica  Benth.  &  Hook.  YERBA  MANSA.  This  grows  in 
saline  or  alkaline  swamps,  and  has  reputed  medicinal  value. 


MYRICA'CEJE.     WAX-MYRTLE  FAMILY 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  fragrant, 
alternate.  Flowers  in  short  sessile  catkins  with  one  naked 
flower  under  each  scale.  Staminate  flowers  of  about  10 
stamens  with  united  filaments.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled, 
with  2  sessile  thread-like  stigmas.  Fruit  a  small,  round, 
dark  purple  nut,  unevenly  coated  on  the  rough  surface  with 
grayish  white  wax. 

Myri/ca  Califor'nica  Cham.  Flowers  usually  androgynous.  Leaves 
evergreen,  leathery,  oblanceolate,  dark  green  and  glossy  above,  some- 
what whitened  below,  serrate  above  the  base,  and  narrowed  to  a 
short  petiole.  Catkins  solitary  or  in  thick  clusters.  From  Monterey 
to  Washington  in  moist  places. 

SALICA'CEJE.     WILLOW  FAMILY 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs.  Flowers  in  scaly  catkins  and 
destitute  of  perianth.  Fruit  a  1-celled  pod  with  numerous 
seeds,  provided  with  rather  long  and  silky  down  (usually 
called  cotton),  by  means  of  which  they  are  transported  by 
the  wind. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  41 


I.    SA'LIX,  Willow 

Trees  or  shrubs,  growing  near  water.  Leaves  generally 
long  and  pointed ;  with  stipules  generally  present  on  young 
shoots,  disappearing  from  the  older  leaves.  Stamens  1-6  to 
each  scale  of  the  staminate  catkin.  On  the  pistillate  catkin 
the  pods  are  small,  ovate,  pointed,  splitting  from  the  top  into 
two  pieces.  In  bud  the  catkins  are  covered  with  scales  that 
fall  off.  (The  following  species  generally  occur  as  trees, 
sometimes  also  as 'shrubs.) 

a.  S.  ni'gra  Marsh.     BLACK  WILLOW.      Trunk  nearly  black,  gen- 
erally leaning  over  the  water.    Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-pointed, 
closely  serrate,  smooth  and  light  green  on  both  sides.     Catkins  on 
leafy  branchlets.     Pods  brownish  on  short  pedicels.     Stamens  3-5  to 
each  scale.     Along  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  Rivers. 

b.  S.  laeviga'ta  Bebb.     Trunk  straight,  with  dark  brown  bark.    Leaves 
rather  thick,  glossy  green  above,  glaucous  beneath.     Scales  of  the 
catkin  toothed.     Otherwise  much  like  the  preceding,  but  with  broader 
leaves.     Widely  distributed. 

c.  S.  lasiol'epis  Benth.     Trunk  generally  straight,  with  grayish 
brown  bark,  almost  smooth.     Leaves  thick,  oblanceolate,  unequally 
serrate,  glaucous  and   brown-hairy  beneath.     The  young  leaves  are 
closely  covered  with  silky  hairs.      Catkins  on  very  short  peduncles ; 
scales  dark  brown,  densely  covered  with  white  hairs.     Stamens  2  to 
each  scale,  with  the  filaments  united  at  the  base.     Pods  on  short  pedicels. 
This  is  the  most  common  willow  and  varies  considerably.     Widely 
distributed. 

d.  S.Scouleria'naBarratt(S.flaves'censNutt.).  Small  tree  or  shrub. 
Leaves  silky  tomentose  on  the  underside  when  young,  obovate  or 
oblanceolate.     Catkins  short,  sessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  densely 
flowered.     Stamens  2  to  each  scale  of  the  catkin ;  scales  covered  with 
long  silky  hairs.      Capsules  tomentose  on   short  pedicels.     Styles 
wanting ;  stigmas  long,  entire  or  deeply  parted.    The  freshly  broken 
twigs  of  this  species  have  a  strong  and  disagreeable  odor.     It  is  one 
of  the  earliest  willows  in  bloom  and  is  very  lovely  and  conspicuous 
when  in  bloom.     It  is  found  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Alaska. 

e.  S.  Sitchen'sis  Sanson.     Similar  to  the  above  but. with  leaves 
much   more   tomentose,    with  permanent   and   shining  tomentum. 
Catkins  long,  appearing  before  the  leaves  but  often  in  the  axils  of  the 

previous  season's  persistent  leaves.  Stamens  1-2  to  each  scale  of  the 
catkin;  scales  villous  and  catkins  tomentose.  This  is  a  beautiful 
willow  with  large  broad  leaves.  It  is  found  from  Santa  Barbara  to 
Alaska. 


42  KEY   AND   FLORA 

/.  S.  corda'ta  Muhl.  Small  tree  or  shrub.  Leaves  oblong  lanceo- 
late, heart-shaped  or  acute  at  base,  pointed  at  apex,  serrate,  smooth 
except  when  young.  Catkins  leafy  at  base,  cylindrical,  lengthening  in 
fruit.  Stamens  2  to  each  scale  of  the  catkin.  Scales  dark  but  villous 
with  long  white  hairs.  Capsule  smooth.  Style  short,  stigma  bifid. 
This  is  found  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 
Northward. 

g.  S.  fluvia'tilis  (S.  longifo'lia).  NARROW-LEAVED  WILLOW. 
A  shrub  forming  dense  clumps.  Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  tapering 
at  apex  and  base,  sessile,  2-4  in.  long  and  ^  in.  or  less  wide  ;  margin 
entire  or  with  scattered  teeth.  Catkins  on  leafy  branchlets.  Stamen's 
2  to  each  scale.  Capsules  downy  or  smooth,  on  short  pedicels,  with 
large,  sessile  stigmas.  Sometimes  the  leaves  are  smooth,  sometimes 
white  downy.  This  is  widely  distributed  arid  variable. 

II.     POP'ULUS,  Cottonwood,  Poplar,  Aspen 

Trees  with  broad  ovate  or  deltoid  leaves,  and  buds  covered 
with  scales  full  of  aromatic  balsam.  Staminate  catkins 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  with  many  stamens  to  each  scale, 
on  a  cup-shaped  disk  ;  anthers  purple,  staining  the  ground 
where  they  fall.  Fertile  catkins  of  round  or  ovate  pods  on 
slender  pedicels. 

a.  P.  trichocar'pa  Torr.      BALM    OF    GILEAD,    BALSAM    COTTON- 
WOOD.     Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  crenate,  dark 
green  above,  greenish  brown  beneath,  on  terete  petioles.     Buds  full  of 
balsam,  and  very  fragrant.    Tree  with  cracked  bark  and  open  growth. 
Widely  distributed. 

b.  P.  Fremon'ti  Watson.     Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  few  rounded 
teeth  on  the  margins,  bright  green   on  both  sides :  petioles  flattened. 
Large  tree,  with  gray,  cracked  bark.     Widely  distributed. 

c.  P.  tremuloi/des  Michx.    ASPEN,  QUAKING  ASP.    Trunk  straight, 
slender,  with  smooth  grayish  white  bark.     Leaves  round-ovate,  thin, 
on  slender  petioles  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  broad  surfaces  of  the 
leaf,  causing  it  to  sway  edgewise  with  the  least  perceptible  breeze.     In  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  far  northward. 


BETULA'CE.a£.     BIRCH  AND  ALDER  FAMILY 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  growing  along  streams.  Leaves 
toothed.  Staminate  catkins  drooping  ;  when  young  covered 
with  resin,  but  without  bud-scales.  Stamens  2-4  in  a  4-lobed 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  43 

or  scale-like  perianth  under  the  bracts  of  the  catkin.  Pistil- 
late flowers  in  short,  erect  cones.  Pistil  with  a  2-celled  ovary 
and  2  stigmas. 

I.     AI/NUS,  Alder 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  broad,  toothed  leaves.  Staminate 
catkins  long  and  drooping,  appearing  in  early  spring.  Pistil- 
late catkins  erect,  becoming  dark  brown  and  woody,  persisting 
on  the  trees  for  some  time  after  the  seeds  have  fallen.  Stamens 
generally  4  in  each  perianth. 

a.  A.   rhombifolia   Nutt.       Trees  with  dark  brown  bark.      Leaves 
ovate    or  oval,   paler  beneath,    irregularly   glandular-toothed.      This 
blooms   very    early,    the    staminate    catkins  falling  in   January  or 
February,  and  the  fruit  ripe  at  the  same  time.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  A.    rub'ra   Bong  (A.  Orego'na   Nutt).     Bark  pale  gray, -mottled 
with  darker  gray.     Leaves    ovate    or  elliptical,   rusty-pubescent   on 
the  lower  surface,  doubly  serrate,  with  revolute  margins  to  the  teeth. 
Twigs  smooth,  winter  buds  glutinous,   nearly  $  in.  long.     Catkins 
open  in  the  spring  before  the  leaves.    From  San  Francisco  to  Alaska. 

c.  A.  tenuifolia  Nutt.     A  small  tree  with  red-brown  bark,  often 
forming  thickets.     Twigs  pubescent.     Leaves  ovate  rounded  or  cor- 
date at  base,  doubly  serrate  with  teeth  acute,  veins  prominent,  winter 
buds  short,   obtuse,  pubescent,  about  ^  in.  long.      In  the   Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  and  northward,  especially  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  mountains. 

II.     BET'ULA,  Birch 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  smooth  bark  often  coming  off  in 
sheets,  dotted  on  the  branches.  Catkins  similar  to  those  of 
ALNUS,  but  the  fertile  ones  do  not  persist  on  the  trees  after  the 
seeds  are  ripe.  The  scales  and  seeds  fall  away  from  the  axis. 
Each  scale  of  the  staminate  catkins  bears  3  flowers,  each  of 
which  consists  mainly  of  two  2-parted  filaments  with  an 
anther  cell  on  each.  On  every  scale  of  the  pistillate  catkins 
are  borne  2-3  flowers,  each  of  which  consists  simply  of  a 
naked  ovary  with  2  diverging  stigmas. 

B.  occidentals.  BLACK  BIRCH.  A  tree  20-30  ft.  high  with 
smooth  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark,  with  conspicuous  whitish  hori- 
zontal lenticels,  becoming  lighter  in  color  with  age  ;  the  branchlets 
dotted  with  resinous  spots.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  serrate  with 


44  KEY   AND   FLORA 

glandular  teeth.  Seeds  with  wings  as  broad  as  the  body.  Bracts  of 
the  catkin  3-lobed.  Most  common  on  the  western  side  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 


CUPULIF'ER^.     OAK  FAMILY 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs.  Staminate  flowers  in  catkins  ; 
pistillate  forming,  in  fruit,  a  nut  in  a  cup-like  or  bur-like 
involucre. 

I.     QUER'CUS,  Oak 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender,  fringe-like  catkins,  with  a 
6-iobed  perianth  ;  pistillate  usually  single,  consisting  of  a 
3-celled  ovary  enclosed  in  a  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes 
a  cup.  Stigmas  3.  Only  1  of  the  ovules  ripens  to  form  an 
awrn  ;  the  other  5  can  be  seen  as  rudiments. 

a.  Q.  loba'ta  Nee.     VALLEY  OAK,  ROBLE,  WHITE  OAK,  WEEPING 
OAK.     Leaves  large,  deciduous,  deeply  lobed  with  obtuse  divisions, 
3-4  in.  long  on  stout  petioles.     Cup  deep,  with  a  rough  warty  sur- 
face, acorns  1-3  in.   long,  usually  pointed.      These  trees  grow  to  a 
great  size,  and  are  generally  isolated  in  fertile  valleys.     They  have 
graceful,  drooping  branches.     Throughout  California. 

b.  Q.  Garrya'na  Dougl.     A  large  tree,  often  10-12  ft.  in  circumfer- 
ence, with  bark  only  1  or,  at  most,  2  in.  thick.    Leaves  thick,  strongly 
veined,  4-G  in.  long,  2-5  in.  wide,  with  coarse  lobes,  obtuse  or  acute, 
entire  or  again  lobed,  dull  green  on  the  upper  side,  pale   green  or 
yellowish  on  the  lower,  turning  brown  or  red  in  the  fall.     Acorns 
sessile  or  on  short  peduncles,  with  the  nut  oval  and  obtuse,  about  1 1 
in.  long,  in  small,  shallow  cups.     The  winter  buds  of  this  oak  are 
nearly  half  an  inch  long  and  are  densely  tomentose.    It  is  found  in  the 
valleys  and  hills  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  extends  to  British 
Columbia.    It  is  common  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

c.  Q.  Douglasli  Hook.  &  Arn.     BLUE  OAK,  WHITE  OAK.     Leaves 
an  inch  or  two  long,  deciduous,  oblong,  with  shallow  lobes,  bluish 
green,  veiny.      Cup  usually  shallow,  with  Jlat  scales ;    acorns  oblong, 
often  swollen  in  the  middle.     Bark  usually  light  gray,  causing  the 
trunks  to  be  very  noticeable  on  hillsides.     From  Tehachapi  to  the 
Sacramento  Valley. 

d.  Q.  oblongifo'lia  Torr.     EVERGREEN  LIVE  OAK  or  WHITE  OAK 
of  southern  California.    Leaves  evergreen,  oblong,  often  entire,  or  with 
a  few  blunt  teeth,  thick,  with  the  veining  almost  concealed.     Cup  with 
warty  surface,  acorns  oblong.     Not  found  north  of  Tehachapi. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  45 

e.  Q.  chrysorepis  Liebm.  DROOPING  LIVE  OAK,  GOLDEN  CUP 
OAK.  Leaves  evergreen,  oblong,  entire  or  spinosely  toothed,  often 
both  kinds  on  the  same  branch,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  cov- 
ered with  a  golden  powder  on  the  lower  surface  of  young  leaves;  the  old 
leaves  becoming  smooth  and  paler  beneath.  Cup  either  bowl  or  saucer 
shaped,  more  or  less  covered  with  yellow  powder,  sometimes  so  dense 
as  to  conceal  the  scales  of  the  cup.  Acorns  large  and  thick.  This 
is  a  shrub  or  an  immense  tree  growing  usually  in  canons.  It  is 
extremely  variable  in  leaves  and  fruit.  Throughout  California. 

/.  Q.  agrifolia  Nee.  LIVE  OAK,  ENCINO.  Leaves  evergreen, 
spiny-toothed  on  the  margin,  which  is  curled  under.  Pubescence  stellate. 
Staminate  flowers  very  numerous.  Cup  bowl-shaped,  glossy,  of  flat 
scales;  acorns  slender,  tapering,  maturing  in  one  year.  This  is  a 
round,  compact  tree,  or  it  sprawls  over  the  ground  with  low  branches, 
widely  spreading.  This  never  grows  far  from  the  sea,  but  keeps 
within  the  fog-line. 

g.  Q.  Wislize'ni  A.  DC.  POST  OAK,  LIVE  OAK.  Leaves  ever- 
green, dark,  glossy,  spiny-toothed,  but  not  curled  back,  very  stiff, 
smooth  on  both  sides  when  old.  Acorns  maturing  in  2  years.  Cup  deep, 
very  rough-scaly.  Acorns  variable,  often  almost  covered  by  the  cup. 
This  is  usually  a  tree,  but  is  often  shrubby  and  is  found  throughout 
California. 

h.  Q.  Califor'nica  Cooper  (Q.  Kelloggii).  KELLOGG'S  OAK,  BLACK 
OAK.  Leaves  deciduous,  large,  deeply  lobed  with  pointed  divisions, 
smooth  and  glossy  green  when  old.  Fruit  on  short  stems.  Cups 
deep  with  smooth  scales  ;  acorns  large,  oblong,  obtuse.  Bark  black 
and  rough.  The  young  shoots  are  rose-color  and  densely  tomentose. 
Through  the  mountains  of  California. 

i.  Q.  densiflo'ra  Hook  &  Am.  CHESTNUT  OAK,  TANBARK  OAK. 
Leaves  evergreen,  oblong,  ribbed  with  thick  veins,  toothed,  covered  more  or 
less  with  while  tomentum.  Cups  saucer-shaped,  densely  covered  with 
long,  linear,  curved  scales  that  give  the  cup  a  bristly  appearance ; 
acorns  large,  with  a  thick  shell.  This  is  in  flower  and  fruit  at  the 
same  time,  generally  blooms  in  summer,  and  has  large panicled  spikes 
of  androgynous  flowers.  From  the  Tehachapi  Range  northward. 

H.     CASTANOP'SIS,  Western  Chinquapin 

Flawers  androgynous  in  erect  axillary  or  terminal  panicled 
spikes.  Staminate  flowers  with  perianth  5-6-lobed,  and 
stamens  twice  as  many  ;  sessile  on  the  npper  part  of  the 
spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  below,  in  a  scaly  involucre.  Ovary 
3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  maturing  only  1-3  nuts  in 
a  roundish  involucre,  densely  covered  with  brown,  intricately 


46  KEY   AND   FLORA 

branched  prickles.     This  blooms  chiefly  in  the    summer  and 
fall,  and  is  generally  fruiting  at  the  same  time. 

a.  C.  chrysophylla  A.  DC.    GOLDEN-LEAVED  CHINQUAPIN.    Leaves 
lanceolate,  pointed,  dark  green  above,  golden  below.     This  is  generally 
a  shrub,  but  becomes  a  large  beautiful  tree  in  Mendocino  County. 

b.  C.  semper'virens  Dudley.     Leaves  obovate-oblong,  obtuse  at  apex. 
This  is  the  species  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

III.     COR'YLUS,  Hazelnut 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender,  drooping  catkins,  each  flower 
consisting  of  8  stamens  with  1-cellecl  anthers.  Pistillate 
flowers  several,  grouped  in  a  scaly  bud,  each  consisting  of  a 
single  ovary  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  and  with  a  smaller  bract 
on  each  side.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovule^d  (one  seed  only  matur- 
ing). Stigmas  2,  bright  red,  long  and  slender.  Nut  roundish, 
enclosed  in  a  fringed  cup. 

C.  jrostra'ta  Ait.  var.  Califor'nica  A.  DC.  Shrubby.  Leaves  slightly 
heart-shaped.  Staminate  flowers  drooping,  very  numerous;  con- 
spicuous on  the  leafless  stems  of  winter.  Involucre  completely 
covering  the  nut,  and  prolonged  into  a  beak  above  it.  This  is 
common  in  the  woods  along  the  coast.  It  blooms  very  early. 


ARISTOLOCHIA'CEJE.     DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  heart  or  kidney  shaped, 
palmately  veined.  Perianth  adnate  to  the  6-celled  ovary, 
greenish  brown,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  6-12,  attached 
to  the  style,  with  anthers  opening  outwards.  Styles  6,  united 

at  base. 

I.     AS' ARUM,  Wild  Ginger 

Low  herbs.  Leaves  and  flowers  springing  from  creeping  root- 
stocks  which  have  the  odor  of  ginger.  Leaves  large,  kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  erect,  bell-shaped,  with  3 
divisions  bearing  long  tails.  Stamens  12,  almost  free  from  the 
style.  Capsule  round.  Seeds  large,  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

a.  A.  cauda'tum  Lindl.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels.  Divisions 
of  the  perianth  with  tails  from  1  to  3  in.  long.  This  grows  in  damp, 
shady  places  under  the  trees  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  47 

b.  A.  Hartwe'gi.  Flowers  on  stout  peduncles,  from  a  woody  base. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  narrowed  to  a  linear  apex.  Leaves  marked 
with  lighter-colored  veins,  often  white-veined.  This  grows  in  the 
higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  under  the  trees. 

.11.     ARISTOLO'CHIA,  Dutchman's  Pipe 

Perianth  something  like  a  pipe  in  shape,  inflated,  soon 
deciduous  from  the  inferior  ovary.  Anthers  6,  sessile,  adnate 
to  the  short  style.  Stigmas  3-6-1  obed.  Pod  club-shaped. 

A.  Califor'nica  Ton.  A  shrubby  vine  with  twining  stems.  Flowers 
greenish  brown  with  purplish  brown  stripes  and  markings,  appearing 
before  or  with  the  leaves,  in  the  leaf  axils.  Peduncles  slender,  with 
a  leaf-like  bract  in  the  middle.  Leaves  soft,  pubescent,  ovate-cordate 
on  short  petioles.  This  climbs  amid  the  brush,  from  which  it  is  not 
readily  distinguishable,  as  the  colors  of  the  flower  are  so  similar  to 
its  surroundings,  and  usually  there  are  no  leaves  when  the  flowers 
are  in  bloom. 


POLYGON A'CEJE.     BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  herbs.  Perianth  small,  generally  .corolla-like,  of 
3-6  distinct  or  united  divisions.  Stamens  4-9  on  the  perianth. 
Ovary  a  3-sided  or  lens-shaped  akene,  generally  dark  brown 
or  black.  Styles  2-4. 

I.     ERIOG'ONUM,  California  Buckwheat 

Flowers  small,  perfect,  on  hair-like  pedicels  from  bell-shaped 
or  top-shaped  involucres.  Perianth  of  6  petal-like  divisions, 
thin  in  texture,  yellow,  white,  or  rose-color.  Stamens  9. 
Styles  3,  generally  deflexed  or  curled,  with  cap-like  stigmas. 
Akenes  3-sided  (rarely  lens-shaped  or  winged).  Leaves  without 
sheaths  or  stipules,  often  more  or  less  white-woolly,  generally 
in  a  spreading  cluster  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  The  small 
involucres  full  of  flowers  are  variously  clustered  in  umbels, 
panicles,  racemes,  etc. 

These  plants  inhabit  dry  places.  The  species  are  very 
numerous,  and  difficult  to  distinguish.  The  majority  of  the 
species  are  annuals,  much  branched,  with  slender  stems.  The 
perennial  species  are. stouter,  and  one,  E.  fascicula'tum}  is  an 


48  KEY   AND   FLORA 

evergreen  shrub,  with  small,  short  leaves  in  clusters  along  the 
stems,  and  the  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  panicles. 

II.     CHORIZAN'THE,  Turkish  Rugging 

Involucres  sessile,  tubular,  thick  in  texture,  3-6-ribbed,  with 
as  many  teeth  or  divisions,  tipped  with  stiff  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  1-3,  included  in  the  involucres,  often  nearly  sessile. 
Stamens  generally  9.  Ovary  smooth  and  akene  triangular. 
Low,  much  branched  annual  herbs  with  slender  branches,  very 
brittle  when  dry.  The  leaves  are  all  in  a  cluster  at  the  base, 
and  the  bracts  are  ternate  and  usually  small.  They  grow  in 
dry,  sandy  places,  where  they  often  cover  the  ground  as  with 
a  veil.  The  species  are  numerous,  generally  local  and  difficult 
to  distinguish. 

III.     RUMEX,  Dock,  Sorrel 

Coarse  herbs,  generally  perennial,  with  acid  or  bitter  juice. 
Perianth  with  3  outer  divisions  green,  the  3  inner  generally 
larger,  reddish  or  yellowish  green,  becoming  large  and  veiny, 
often  with  a  white  grain  on  the  back  of  one  or  all  of  the  inner 
divisions,  which  closely  cover  the  3-sided  akene.  Styles  3. 
Stigmas  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  top.  Leaves  with  papery 
stipules  sheathing  the  stem. 

a.  R.  acetosel'la  L.      SORREL,   SOUR  GRASS.      Flowers  dioecious, 
small,  in  a  narrow  panicle,  becoming  reddish.     The  inner  divisions 
of  the  perianth  do  not  enlarge  over  the  akene.     Leaves  thick,  hastate. 
This  is  very  common,  spreading  by  slender  rootstocks.     The  male 
plants  greatly  exceed  the  female  in  number.    Common  everywhere. 

b.  R.  salicifo'lius  Wein.     WILLOW-LEAVED  DOCK.     Stems  several, 
generally  spreading  and  ascending  or  erect.     Leaves  light  green,  3-6 
in.  long,  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole.     Flowers  in  a  leafy 
panicle,  which  becomes  dark  red  as  it  grows  old.     Each  of  the  inner 
divisions  of  the  perianth  has  a  large  grain  on  the  outside.     Common  in 
moist  places  everywhere. 

c.  R.  cris'pus  L.     CURLY  DOCK.     Leaves  on  long  stalks  with  a 
crisped  or  curled  margin.     Flowers  in  a  leafy  panicle.      The  grains 
are  present  on  all  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth.     Common. 

d.  R.  pul'cher  L.     Branches  widely  spreading,  leafy,  reddish  when 
young,    becoming   brown    and    stiff   when    old.      Leaves   rough  on 
the  lower   surface,   generally  lanceolate    and   acute.      Flowers  in 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  49 

numerous  whorls  at  short  intervals  along  the  branches.  Perianth 
with  the  inner  divisions  all  grain-bearing  and  with  4-6  stiff'  bristly  teeth 
on  each  side.  This  is  an  introduced  weed,  becoming  very  common. 

e.  R.  occidentals  Watson.  Tall,  3-6  ft.  in  height.  Lowest  leaves 
with  blade  often  a  foot  long  and  petiole  almost  as  long,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  with  the  base  heart-shaped.  Panicle  large,  almost 
destitute  of  leaves.  Perianth  with  large  reddish  divisions,  finely, 
toothed  near  the  cordate  base,  without  grains  on  the  back.  This  grows 
in  wet  places  throughout  the  Pacific  coast  and  blooms  in  summer. 

/.  R.  persicarioi'des  L.  Annual,  generally  with  many  stems, 
low,  erect,  or  spreading.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  on  short  petioles. 
Flowers  in  dense  whorls  at  nearly  all  the  leaf  axils.  Divisions  of  the 
perianth  all  bearing  grains  and  with  2-3  long,  slender,  awn-like  teeth 
on  each.  This  is  found  in  wet  places,  generally  along  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  lakes.  It  is  widely  distributed  and  blooms  in  summer. 

IV.     POLYG'ONUM,  Jointweed,  Smartweed 

Flowers  perfect  in  axillary  or  panicled  spikes.  Perianth 
of  5-6  petal-like  divisions,  often  rose-color,  not  enlarging  in 
fruit.  Stamens  4-9.  Styles  2-3,  with  cap-like  stigmas.  At 
the  base  of  the  petiole  there  are  papery  sheaths  around  the  stem. 
The  species  are  difficult  to  determine.  They  generally  grow 
in  swainpy  places. 


CHENOPODIA'CE.®.     PIGWEED  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  often  with  fleshy  stems  and  leaves,  usually 
found  near  the  ocean  or  in  alkaline  soil,  often  covered  with 
white  scurf.  Leaves  generally  salty  or  bitterish.  Flowers 
perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Perianth  small,  of  5  greenish 
sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  them. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  the  embryo  coiled  in  a  ring  or  spiral 
around  the  endosperm. 

I.      CHENOPO'DITJM 

Flowers  perfect  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters.  Perianth 
nearly  covering  the  fruit,  which  is  round  and  fattened.  Leaves 
alternate  on  petioles,  often  covered  with  scurf  or  down. 


50  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  C.  arbum  L.      LAMB'S-QUARTER,    PIGWEED.     Annual,  erect, 
simple  or  branched.     Leaves  cold  to  the  touch,  covered  with  a  flour- 
like  powder,  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  wavy  and  toothed.     Flowers 
in  spikes,  either  simple  or  panicled,  and  axillary  or  terminal.     This 
is  common  in  cultivated  ground. 

b.  C.  Califor'nicum  Watson.     SOAP   PLANT.      Perennial,   from   a 
spindle-shaped  root.     Steins  smooth,  usually  several  from  the  root, 
spreading  and  ascending.      Leaves  triangular,  2-3  in.  long,  sharply 
and  irregularly  toothed.     Flowers  densely  clustered  in  long,  slender, 
terminal  spikes.      Seed  large,  vertical,  only  partly  covered  by  the 
5-toothed,  bell-shaped  perianth.    This  blooms  in  spring,  often  under 
bushes.     Near  the  coast,  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco  Bay.  • 

c.  C.  murale  L.     Stems  generally  reddish,  with   some  flour-like 
powder,  branching  rather  closely,  forming  a  compact  plant,  a  foot  or 
two  high.     Leaves  broadly  triangular  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  deeply 
sinuate-toothed.     Flowers  generally  in  small  clusters  in  the  leaf  axils, 
shorter  than  the  leaves.     Sometimes  the  clusters  are  panicled  at  the 
top  of  the  stems.     Seeds  black  with  sharp  edges.     Common  every- 
where. 

d.  C.  ambrosioi'des  L.     WORMSEED.     Stems  annual,  stout,  and 
branching,  2-3  ft.  high.     Leaves  lance-shaped,  2-5  in.  long,  sinuate- 
dentaie,  on  short  petioles.     Flowers  in  axillary  spikes,  or  in  panicled 
leafless  spikes.     The  entire  plant  has  a   strong,  persistent,  aromatic 
odor.     It  is  common  in  salt  and  alkaline  marshes. 


II.     AT/RIPLEX,  Salty  Sage 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  mealy,  scurfy  or  pubescent.  Flowers  in 
simple  or  panicled  spikes,  or  clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate 
flowers  with  the  divisions  of  the  perianth  3-5,  and  stamens 
opposite  the  divisions.  Pistillate  flowers  enclosed  by  2  bracts, 
which  are  distinct  or  united,  variously  toothed,  or  with  wart- 
like  protuberances  or  winged,  often  thickened.  Seed  vertical, 
generally  falling  with  the  bracts  which  enclose  it. 

a.  A.  Califor'nica  Moquin.     Stems  many  from  the  base,  spreading 
on  the  ground  a  foot  or  more,  densely  mealy.     Leaves  sessile,  small, 
lanceolate,  the  lower  opposite.     Flowers  monoecious  in  small,  axillary 
clusters,   the   staminate   ones  mostly  near    the    top  of  the  cluster. 
Fruiting  bracts  small,  round,  spongy,  not  toothed,  and  ivithout  wart-like 
protuberances.     This  is  found  along  the  coast. 

b.  C.  canes'cens    James.       BUCKWHEAT     SAGE,     SALTY     SAGE. 
Shrubby,  dioacious.     Leaves  grayish  green,  linear  or  oblanceolate. 
Flowers  in  panicled   spikes.     Fruiting  bracts  with  4  distinct  dilated 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  51 

wings.     This  is  found  in  the  interior,  in  alkaline  valleys.     It  is  a 
valuable  forage  plant. 

(The  species  of  Atriplex  are  numerous  and  difficult,  also 
somewhat  local,  so  the  rest  will  be  omitted.) 


AMARANTA'CEJE.     AMARANTH  FAMILY 

Herbs,  with  small  papery  flowers  surrounded  with  persist- 
ent papery  bracts.  Perianth  persistent  of  from  1  to  5  papery 
divisions.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  perianth, 
sometimes  fewer.  Ovary  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  forming  a 
fruit,  which  opens  like  the  lid  of  a  box.  Seed  always  ver- 
tical. Stigmas  2-3,  sessile. 

AMARAN'TUS.     Amaranth 

Flowers  generally  monoecious.  Perianth  of  from  3  to  5 
divisions.  Bracts  3  to  each  flower.  Stamens  with  filaments 
spreading  at  base.  Stigmas  generally  3,  forming  3  beaks  on 
the  fruit.  Seeds  brown  or  black,  dropping  readily  when  ripe. 

a.  A.  retroflex'us  L.     PIGWEED.     Stems  stout,  erect.    Leaves  ovate, 
1-3  in.  long,  on  petioles  almost  as  long.     Flowers  green,  in  thick, 
erect,  crowded  spikes,  either  terminal  or  axillary.     Divisions  of  the 
perianth  5.     A  common  weed. 

b.  A.    al'bus   L.     TUMBLEWEED.      Stems    light    green,    branching 
diffusely  from  the  base,  forming  a  mound-like  plant.     Leaves  spatulate 
or  obovate,  often  wavy-margined,  on  slender  petioles.     Divisions  of 
the  perianth  3,  pointed,  shorter  than  the  fruit.     Bracts  awl-shaped 
with  stiff  points.    This  forms  a  tumble  weed,  and  will  often  be  found 
caught  in  fences  and  bushes.     Common  everywhere. 


NYCTAGINA'CEJE.     FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  fragile  stems  and  swollen  joints.  Leaves 
opposite,  entire,  unequal  at  base.  Flowers  perfect,  several 
in  an  involucre  resembling  a  calyx.  Perianth  corolla-like, 
showy,  the  base  hardening  around  the  1-seeded  ovary. 


52  KEY   AND   FLORA 


I.     MIRAB'ILIS,  Four-o'clock 

Involucre  5-lobed.  Flowers  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  5. 
Fruit  scarcely  ribbed.  Herbs  with  showy,  reddish  purple 
flowers,  opening  in  the  afternoon. 

a.  M.  multiflo'ra  Gray.     Stems  often  glandular ;  stout  and  spread- 
ing.    Leaves  broad,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ovate,  on  petioles  a  half- 
inch  long.     Flowers  6  in  the  involucre.     Perianth  open-funnel-form, 
with  border  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  tube  from  1   to  2  in.  long. 
Southern  California. 

b.  M.  Califor'nica  Gray.     Stems  several  from  a  woody  root,  sup- 
ported on  bushes,  as  if  climbing.     Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  on  short 
petioles.     Involucre  small,  1-3-flowered.     Perianth  open-bell-shaped. 
Fruit  small.     This  is  common  in  southern  California. 


II.     ABRO'NIA,  Sea  Verbena 

Involucre  of  from  5  to  15  distinct  papery  bracts.  Flowers 
sessile,  with  salver-shaped  perianth,  having  a  long  tube,  and 
the  border  with  notched  segments.  Stamens  5,  within  the 
tube.  Annual  or  perennial,  fleshy  herbs,  with  thick,  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  in  umbels  on  long  peduncles,  fragrant,  showy, 
rose-color,  yellow,  or  white. 

a.  A.  umbella'ta  Lam.     Stems  prostrate,  viscid.     Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  petiole.     Perianth   rose-color.     Fruit 
winged.     This  grows  on  the  seacoast. 

b.  A.  latifo'lia  Esch.     Stems  similar  to    above.     Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  with  kidney-shaped  base.     Perianth  yellow.     The  flowers  have 
the  odor  of  orange  blossoms.    This  is  found  on  the  coast  from  Van- 
couver to  Monterey. 


PORTULACA'CE^.     PORTULACA  FAMILY 

Fleshy  herbs.  Flowers  with  2  sepals  (except  in  Lewisia) 
and  2-5  or  more  petals.  Stamens*  opposite  the  petals  when 
of  the  same  number.  Ovary  1-celled,  style  2-8  cleft.  The 
flowers  open  only  in  the  sunshine  or  bright  daylight. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  53 


L     PORTULA'CA,  Purslane 

Low  herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  ter- 
minal and  sessile.  Petals  4—6.  Stamens  7-30,  inserted 
where  the  calyx  joins  the  ovary.  Pistils  with  3-8  styles. 
Fruit  like  a  box  opening  with  a  lid,  full  of  black  seeds. 

P.  olera'cea.  PURSLANE,  PUSLEY.  Prostrate.  Flowers  small. 
Calyx  lobes  keeled.  Petals  yellow,  spreading,  notched.  Common 
everywhere. 

H.     LEWIS'IA,  Bitter-root 

Low  herbs,  without  stems,  from  thick,  perpendicular  roots. 
Leaves  forming  a  rosette  at  the  apex  of  the  root.  Flowers 
large,  solitary,  on  low  scapes,  conspicuous  when  open,  white  or 
rose-color.  Sepals  2-8.  Petals  3-16.  Stamens  numerous. 
Style  branches  3-8.  Pod  globose,  with  thin  walls  that  split 
from  the  base  upwards. 

L.  redivi'va.  BITTER-ROOT.  Leaves  numerous,  shorter  than  the 
scapes.  Scapes  jointed  above  the  middle,  bearing  an  involucre  of 
5-7  papery  bracts.  The  flower  when  expanded  is  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter, resembling  a  small  cactus  blossom.  The  sepals  resemble  the 
petals.  The  Bitter  Root  Mountains  receive  their  name  from  this 
plant.  It  is  the  state  flower  of  Montana. 

m.     CALANDRUTIA 

Sepals  green  and  persistent.  Petals  and  stamens  usually  5, 
the  former  sometimes  3-10,  the  latter  often  indefinite.  Ovary 
S-valved.  Seeds  black  and  shining  or  rough,  numerous. 

a.  C.  Menzie'sii  Torr.  &  Gray.     Flowers  crimson  or  magenta  in 
racemes.     Petals  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals.    Stamens  3-10.    Seeds 
shining.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  C.  el'egans  Spach.     Stems  rather  stout,  smooth,  with  ascending 
branches.     Flowers  numerous,  rose-color.     Petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepalst    Stamens  10-15.    Usually  found  most  abundant  in  cultivated 
ground. 

IV.     MON'TIA,  Miner's  Lettuce 

Petals  and  stamens  5.  Pod  S-valved  and  3-seeded.  Flowers 
white  or  rose-color,  in  racemes  or  panicles.  When  the  seeds 


54  KEY   AND   FLORA 

are  ripe  they  are  shot  out  of  the  pod  by  the  elastic  closing 
of  the  valves. 

a.  M.  perfolia'ta  Howell.    MINER'S  LETTUCE.    Root  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  stem  leaves  forming  a  round  perfoliate  Leaf  below  the  flowering 
stems.     Flowers   small,   white,    often   growing   on  but  one  side   of 
the  stem.     This  is  very  common  and  widely  distributed.     It  grows 
in  the  shade  and  blooms  in  spring  and  early  summer. 

b.  M.  Sibirlca  Howell.     Stems  brittle,  often  climbing  over  other 
vegetation  and   growing  in  swampy  places.     Leaves  sessile  but  not 
united.     Flowers  pink  or  white,  a  half  inch  in   diameter,  on  long 
pedicels,  in  long,   loose  racemes.      From  Marin    County  to  Alaska, 
blooming  in  spring  and  summer. 

c.  M.   gypsophiloi'des   Howell.     Annual,  pale   green,  with   many 
slender  stems  from  the  root,  3-10  in.  high.     Root  leaves  linear  or 
linear-spatulate,  shorter  than  the  stems.     Stem  leaves  at  the  base  oj 
the  panicle  partly  united  on  one  side.     Flowers  numerous,  pink,  sweet- 
scented.     This  blooms  in  early  spring  and  grows  on  rocky  banks  and 
hills.     It  is  very  variable  in  size  and  shape  of  leaves.     In  the  coast 
mountains  of  central  California. 

d.  M.  linea'ris  Greene.     Annual,  6  in.  to  a  foot  high,  branching. 
Leaves    almost  thread-like,  fleshy,   an  inch    or    so    long,   becoming 
slightly  wider  toward  the  apex.     Flowers  in  racemes  on  one  side  oj 
the  stem  on  pedicels  that  recurve  in  fruit.     Petals  white,  tinged  with 
pink,   unequal,    narrowed  at    base,    separate    or    somewhat    united. 
Moist  places  through  California  and  northward,  blooming  in  spring. 

e.  M.   Chamisso'nis    Greene.     Stems    erect  or  procumbent,  propa- 
gating by  runners  that  have  a  round  bulblet  at  the  tip.     Leaves  oblong- 
spatulate,  in  several  pairs.     Flowers  in  racemes,  the  bracts  present  only 
with  the  lower  flowers,  on  pedicels  that  recurve  in  fruit.     Petals  rose- 
color,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Seeds  kidney-shaped,  covered  all  over 
with  tubercles.     This  is  widely  distributed  and  grows  in  wet  places, 
blooming  in  spring  and  summer. 


V.     SPRA'GUEA,  Pussy-paws 

Sepals  thin  and  papery.  Petals  4.  Stamens  3.  Style  with 
2  lobes  at  the  apex.  Pod  2-valved.  Flowers  densely  clustered 
in  umbellate  spikes  curling  in  at  the  tips. 

S.  umbella'ta  Torr.  Stems  several,  usually  from  a  thick  root. 
Root  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  forming  a  rosette  at  the  base, 
stem  leaves  becoming  mere  bracts.  Flowers  light  rose-color.  Common 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  55 


CARYOPHYLLA'CE^B.     PINK  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  regular  flowers,  sepals  as  many  as  the  petals 
(generally  5,  the  latter  sometimes  wanting),  stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many,  ovary  1-celied  with  central  placenta, 
styles  2-5. 

I.     SILE'NE,  Pink 

Sepals  united  into  a  5-toothed  calyx.    Petals  with  both  blade 
'and  claw,  together  with  the  10  stamens,  attached  to  the  stipe 
of  the  ovary.     Styles  3.      Capsule  dehiscent  from  the  top  by 
6  teeth.     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.     Flowers  gener- 
ally showy. 

a.  S.  Gallica  L.     Stems   generally  several.     Leaves  hairy,  spat- 
ulate.     Flowers  small,  on  short  pedicels  in  one-sided  racemes.     Petals 
pale  rose-color,  not  much  longer  than  the  sepals.     This  is  a  common 
introduced  weed. 

b.  S.  Calif or'nica  Durand.     Low,  glandular  herbs,  with  lax,  leafy 
stems,  generally  branching  above.     Flowers  few,  nearly  an  inch  in 
diameter,  on  short  pedicels,  the  lowest  of  which  are  deflexed  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  bright  scarlet,  the  blades  cut  into  2  divisions,  which  are  gener- 
ally toothed.     Widely  distributed  in  shady  places  where  the  ground 
does  not  become  very  dry. 

c.  S.  lacinia'ta  Cav.      Stems   ascending,    1-2  ft.   high.      Leaves 
narrow,  2-3  in.  long.     Flowers  few  on  the  long  branches.     Blades 
of  the  petals  J^-clefl  into  linear  lobes,  scarlet,  smaller  than  the  preced- 
ing.    Pedicels  not  deflexed  in  fruit.     This  is  common  in  southern 
California. 

d.  S.   verecun'da   Watson.     Stems   several   from   the   rootstocks, 
branching,   leafy,    glandular-viscid,    especially   on   the   upper   part. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  spatulate  or  linear.     Flowers  1-3  at  the  ends  of 
short  branchlets.     Petals  with  blades  shorter  than  the  claws,  rose-color ; 
blades  2-cleft  and  with  the  appendages  in  the  throat  oblong,  entire  or 
toothed.    This  is  common  in  San  Francisco  near  the  cemeteries.     It 
is  widely  distributed  in  California. 

H.    CERAS'TIUM,  Mouse-ear  Chickweed 

Sepals  separate.  Petals  5,  white,  notched.  Stamens  10. 
Stigmas  5.  Capsule  dehiscent  from  the  top  by  10  teeth. 


56  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  C.   arven'se   L:      Perennial,    with    spreading    stems.      Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  clasping  the  stem.     Flowers  £  in.  in  diameter,  on 
long  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  cymes.      Capsule  extending  but  little 
beyond  the  calyx.     Common  around  San  Francisco  and  northward. 

b.  C.  visco'sum  L.  *  Annual,  somewhat  clammy,  branched  from 
the  base.     Leaves  small,  generally  ovate.    Flowers  on  short  pedicels 
in  rather  close  cymes.     Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.      Capsule  nearly 
straight,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     The  flowers  open  only  in  sun- 
shine.    This  is  an  introduced  weed. 

m.    STELLA'RIA,  Chickweed 

This  is  similar  to  Cerastium,  but  the  petals  are  %-lobed,  and 
the  capsule  is  globose.,  dehiscent  to  below  the  middle. 

a.  S.  me'dia  L.     CHICKWEED.     Annual,  spreading  and  rooting 
at  the  lower  joints.     Leaves  ovate,  petioled.     Flowers  small,  on  slen- 
der pedicels,  ivhich  are  defl.exed  in  fruit,  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts. 
Stamens  3-10.     Pod  equaling   or   surpassing   the   calyx.     This  is 
introduced,  and  is  very  common  in  shady,  damp  places. 

b.  S.  ni'tens  Nutt.     Annual,  low,  with  slender,   shining   stems. 
Flowers   small,  erect,  on  short   pedicels.     Sepals  shining,  3-nerved, 
twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  which  are  sometimes  wanting.     Pod  shorter 
than  the  calyx.     This  is  a  delicate  little  plant,  with  inconspicuous 
flowers  blooming  in  early  spring  and  soon  disappearing. 

c.  S.  cris'pa  Ch.  &  Schl.    Smooth,  with  long,  weak,  trailing  stems. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  about  an  inch  long,  with  crisped  margins.     Flowers 
axillary,  on  slender  pedicels.     Sepals  lanceolate,  3-nerved.     Petals 
small,  or  wanting,  white.    Capsule  when  ripe  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Northern  California  to  Alaska,  growing  in  wet,  shady  places  and 
blooming  in  spring  and  summer. 

d.  S.  borea'lis  Bigel.     Generally  smooth  and  erect,  6-10  in.  in 
height.     Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  long  point,  £- 1^  in.  long, 
with  one  prominent  nerve.     Pedicels  often  deflexed,  scattered.     Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate   with   papery   margins,    acute    or   obtuse.      Petals 
shorter  than  sepals  or  wanting.    Pods  narrow,  acute,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals.    Seeds  smooth.    Northern  California  to  Wash- 
ington.    Blooming  in  summer. 


IV.    ARENA'RIA,  Sandwort 

Sepals  separate.  Petals  5,  ivhite,  entire  or  notched.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  3.  Pod  splitting  into  3  valves,  each  with 
2  parts. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  57 

a,  A.    Douglas'ii   Ton.    &   Gray.      Slender,   low,    much-branched 
annuals.      Leaves    very    narrow,   thread-like.      Flowers    £   in.   in 
diameter,    on   long,    slender  pedicels.     Pod   globose,   equaling  the 
calyx.     Seeds  fiat,  smooth.     Throughout  California. 

b.  A.  Califor'nica   Brewer.     Similar   to  the  preceding,  but  with 
lanceolate,  very  short,  obtuse  leaves,  flowers  half  as  large,  capsule 
oblong,  seeds  small  and  rough,  with  minute  points.     Throughout  Cali- 
fornia. 

V.    SPER'GULA,  Cora  Spurry 

Sepals  separate.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5, 
alternating  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  5-valved,  with  valves 
opposite  the  sepals. 

S.  arven'sis  L.  Annual,  branching  herbs,  with  fleshy,  thread- 
like leaves  in  whorls.  Flowers  small,  white,  on  long  pedicels  that 
become  reflexed.  Sepals  as  long  as  the  petals  and  a  little  shorter 
than  the  capsule.  This  is  a  common  weed,  blooming  more  or  less 
throughout  the  year. 

VI.    SPERGULA'RIA  (TISSA,  BUDA,  LEPIGONUM),  Sand  Spurry 

Sepals  separate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3-5.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved.  Leaves  usually  fleshy,  with  papery  stipules. 
Flowers  white  or  rose-color.  Low  herbs,  usually  growing  near 
the  coast  or  on  alkaline  soil. 

S.  macrothe'ca  Robinson.  Perennial,  much  branched  from  the 
base,  rather  stout.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  nearly  £  in.  in 
diameter,  on  pedicels  that  become  nodding.  Capsule  slightly  sur- 
passing the  calyx.  Seeds  smooth  with  a  narrow  wing.  The  large 
ovate  stipules  are  quite  noticeable.  In  salt  marshes  from  Marin 
County  to  San  Diego. 


ILLECEBRA'CEJB 

This  family  is  similar  to  Caryophyllacece,  and  is  included 
under  the  latter  by  some  botanists.  It  has  an  undivided  or 
2-cleft  style,  a  1-seeded  fruit  (like  an  akene),  and  the  petals 
wanting  or  minute. 


58  KEY   AND   FLORA 


PENTAC.ffi'NA,  Sand  Mat 

Sepals  5,  hooded,  terminating  in  a  spine.  Petals  scale-like. 
Stamens  3-5  at  the  base  of  the  sepals.  Calyx  becoming 
closed  over  the  fruit. 

P.  polycnemoi'des  Bartl.  Perennial  herbs,  forming  mats  of  densely 
flowered  lax  stems.  Leaves  very  small,  tipped  with  sharp  awns  that 
become  recurved.  Stipules  papery,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  but  very 
noticeable.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  sessile,  clustered  in  the  axils. 
This  grows  in  sandy  soil  and  is  common  along  the  seacoast. 


RANUNCULA'CE-ffi,  BUTTERCUP  FAMILY 

Herbs  (Clematis  shrubby)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice, 
distasteful  to  animals.  Parts  of  the  flower  all  separate  and 
distinct,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Petals  often  wanting 
or  peculiar  in  form.  Stamens  numerous ;  fruit  consisting  of 
numerous  akenes  (buttercup),  of  several  follicles  (larkspur),  or 
sometimes  of  berries.  Leaves  without  stipules,  often  clasping 
at  base,  generally  much  cut  or  divided. 

I.    CLEM' AXIS,  Virgin's  Bower 

Climbing  over  bushes  or  rocks  by  the  leafstalks  of  the  com- 
pound, opposite  leaves,  or  sometimes  erect  and  not  climbing. 
Sepals  4,  petal-like.  Petals  none  or  very  small.  Pistils  numer- 
ous, forming  a  round  bunch  of  akenes  with  styles  developing 
into  long  feathery  tails. 

a.  C.  ligusticifo'lia    Nutt.      Flowers   dioecious,  in  panicles.     Sepals 
thick,  dull  white,  less  than  £  in.  long.     Akenes  with  tails  from  1-2 
in.  long.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  C.  lasian'tha   Nutt.      Flowers  dioecious,  solitary,  on  stout  peduncles 
with  one  or  two  bracts.     Sepals  thick,  dull  white,  sometimes  nearly  an 
inch  long.     Fruit  similar  to  above.     In  the  Coast  and  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains. 

c.  C.   Douglas'ii  Hook.     BUSHY  CLEMATIS.     Stems  erect,  a  foot  or 
two  high,  not  climbing.     Leaves  once,  twice,  or  thrice  pinnately  com- 
pound, with  linear  or  lanceolate  leaflets,  axils  woolly.     Flowers  per- 
fect, usually  solitary  and  terminal,  nodding.     Sepals  leathery,  dark 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  59 

blue,  forming  a  bell-shaped  flower,  more  than  an  inch  long,  with 
spreading  tips.  Tails  to  the  akenes  conspicuous.  This  is  found 
from  Oregon  to  British  Columbia. 

n.    ANEMO'NE,  Windflower,  Anem'ony 

Calyx  of  few  or  many  petal-like  sepals.  Petals  wanting. 
Akenes  pointed  or  with  long  feathery  tails.  Perennial  herbs 
with  stem  leaves  whorled,  forming  a  'kind  of  involucre  some 
distance  below  the  flower. 


m.    THALIC'TRUM,  Meadow-rue 

Flowers  dioecious  in  panicles.  Sepals  4-7,  greenish.  Petals 
none.  Akenes  in  a  head,  terminated  by  long,  naked  styles. 
Leaves  twice  or  thrice  palmately  compound,  leaflets  3-toothed 
or  lobed,  on  short  petioles.  Generally  tall,  pereunial  herbs, 
often  with  a  strong  disagreeable  odor.  The  species  are  diffi- 
cult to  determine. 


IV.    RANUN'CULUS,  Buttercups 

Sepals  5.  Petals  3-15,  each  with  a  little  nectar-secreting 
scale  or  gland  at  the  inside  of  the  base.  Akenes  in  a  head, 
numerous,  usually  flattish.  Stem  leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
generally  yellow.  (There  are  some  that  grow  in  the  water 
with  thread-like  divisions  to  the  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers.) 

a.  R.  Califor'nicus  Benth.  Stems  branching  from  a  cluster  of 
thickened  fibrous  roots,  erect,  hairy.  Root  leaves  of  3  leaflets  with 
3-7  linear  divisions,  or  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes  toothed.  Sepals 
turned  back.  Petals  10-15,  glossy,  yellow,  nearly  £  in.  long.  Akenes 
very  flat,  in  a  round  head  beaked  with  the  stout,  recurved  styles. 
This  is  variable  in  size,  leaves,  and  amount  of  pubescence.  Through- 
out California. 

&.  R:  murica'tus  L.  Stems  stout,  smooth,  hollow.  Flowers  small. 
Akenes  large  with  stout  beaks,  and  the  sides  covered  with  coarse 
prickles.  This  grows  in  wet  places  and  has  been  introduced. 

c.  R.  glaber'rimus  Hook.  Perennial,  with  fleshy  fibrous  roots. 
Stems  3-6  in.  high.  Root-leaves  spatitlate  or  wedge-shaped,  entire  or 
with  2-4  blunt  teeth  or  lobes  :  stem  leaves  3-cleft,  with  narrow  divisions  or 


60  KEY   AND   FLORA 

entire.  Petals  obovate,  nearly  %  in.  long.  Akenes  in  a  globose  head, 
generally  smooth,  each  tipped  with  a  short  beak.  In  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  and  northward  to  British  Columbia.  It  blooms 
in  the  spring. 

d.  R.  tenellus  Natt.    Perennial,  a  foot  or  two  high.    Stems  erect, 
hairy,  or  smooth.     Leaves  deeply  lobed,  3-5  cleft,  with  the  divisions 
more  or  less  wedge-shaped,  the   margin  with  a  few  sharp  teeth. 
Petals  5,  small,  yellow.     Akenes  in  a  globose  head,  each  tipped  with  a 
coiled  style.     Receptacle  'smooth.     This  is  widely   distributed  and 
variable.     It  blooms  in  the  spring.. 

e.  R.  occidentals   Nutt.     Perennial,  a  foot  or  two  high.     Stems 
widely   branching,    covered  with  widely  spreading    hairs.      Leaves 
deeply  cleft  into  3-5  wedge-shaped  divisions,  these  again  cut  ;  some- 
times the  leaves  are  compound  with  3  leaflets  on  petioles.     Upper 
leaves  simpler  and  smaller.     Petals  5,  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed 
sepals.     Akenes  tipped  with  flattened,  hooked  beaks  on  a  smooth  recep- 
tacle.    This  is  variable  and  widely  distributed.     It  blooms  in  the 
spring. 

f.  R.  alismaefo'lius  Geyer.     Perennial  from   thick   fibrous  roots. 
Stems  in  bunches,  short  and  erect,  about  6  in.  high.     Leaves  lance- 
shaped,  tapering  to  margined  petioles  that  widen  at  base ;  upper  leaves 
thickish,  2-4  in.  long,  nearly  sessile.     Corolla  showy,  yellow,  nearly 
1  in.  across,  with  broad  obovate  petals.     Akenes  in  a  globose   head, 
smooth  with  a  short  beak.     This  grows  in  marshy  places  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  and  northward.     It  blooms  in  the  spring. 


V.    AQUILE'GIA,  Columbine  (ALSO  MISTAKENLY  CALLED  Honeysuckle) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  all  similar.  Petals  5,  each  consisting  of 
a  tubular  or  expanded  border  terminating  in  a  long  hollow  spur* 
projecting  below  the  sepals.  Pistils  5,  forming  many-seeded 
follicles.  Perennial  herbs  with  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pal- 
mately  compound.  Flowers  usually  nodding  at  the  ends  of 
the  branchlets. 

a.  A.  trunca'ta  Fisch  &  Meyer.    RED  COLUMBINE.    Flowers  red, 
tinged   with    yellow.     Sepals    spreading.     Petals    with   scarcely  any 
border,  and  thick,  blunt  spurs.     Throughout  California  growing  in 
shady,  moist  places. 

b.  A.  formo'sa  Fisch.     This  resembles  the  preceding,  except  that 
the  border  of  the  petals  is  prolonged,  especially  on  the  outer  side.     This 
is  found  in  Oregon. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  61 


VI.    DELPHHTIUM,  Larkspur 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  the  upper  one  prolonged  backwards  at 
the  base  into  a  spur.  Petals  4)  two  running  into  the  calyx  spur, 
the  others  partly  covering  the  pistils  and  stamens.  Flowers  in 
racemes.  Fruit  of  1-5  many-seeded  follicles.  Some  of  the 
species  are  poisonous  to  cattle.  The  blue  Larkspurs  are  the 
most  common,  but  they  are  difficult  to  distinguish. 

a.  D.  nudicaule  Ton.  &  Gray.    Flowers  scarlet,  few,  on  long  pedicels. 
Sepals  close  together,  spur  long.     Stems  almost  leafless,  except  at 
base,  slender  and  delicate.     This  grows  on  moist,  shady  banks  in 
the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  D.  cardina'le  Hook.     Flowers  bright  scarlet  with  yellow  centers,  in 
a  rather  dense   raceme.     Stems    tall  and  stout.     This  grows  in  the 
mountains  of  southern  California. 

c.  D.  Califor'nicum  Torr.  &  Gray.     Flowers  in  dense  racemes,  bluish 
gray,  woolly  on    the    outside,  spur   horizontal,   equaling   the   sepals. 
Stems  2-8  ft.  high.     Lower  leaves  4-7  in.  in  diameter,  deeply  cleft, 
with   wedge-shaped   divisions.      This  generally  grows  on  dry  hills 
amid  the  brush  along  the  coast. 

VH.    ACONI'TUM,  Aconite,  Monkshood 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  the  upper  one  like  a,  hood  or  helmet. 
The  two  upper  petals  have  long  claws  and  spur-like  blades 
concealed  within  the  hood ;  the  3  lower  are  'much  smaller  or 
wanting.  Fruit  of  3-5  many-seeded  follicles. 

A.  Columbia'num  Nutt.  Stems  simple,  leafy,  2—5  ft.  high. 
Flowers  in  a  loose  raceme.  Leaves  palmately  3-5  cleft,  with  wedge- 
shaped,  toothed,  or  cleft  divisions.  This  is  found  at  higher  eleva- 
tions in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  moist,  shady  places.  In 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  at  much  lower  altitudes. 

Vm.    ACTJE'A,  Baneberry 

Perennial  from  short,  branched  rootstocks,  about  a  foot  or 
two  in  height.  Leaves  1  or  2,  with  broad  triangular  outline, 
3-5  times  compound ;  the  leaflets  ovate,  irregularly  cut  and 
with  the  teeth  on  the  margins  unequal.  Flowers  white,  small, 
in  a  corymb  lengthening  to  a  raceme  and  terminating  the  stem, 
blooming  in  spring.  Fruit  consisting  of  red  or  white  berries 
on  spreading  pedicels. 


62  KEY   AND   FLORA 

A.  spica'ta  L.  var.  argu'ta  Torr.  Berries  generally  bright  red, 
oblong  or  roundish,  not  quite  so  large  as  green  peas,  falling  off 
soon  when  ripe.  This  grows  in  shady  woods  and  the  fruit  ripens  in 
late  summer.  It  is  considered  poisonous.  Widely  distributed,  on 
the  coast  and  in  the  mountains. 

IX.    P^O'NIA,  Paeony 

Stems  several,  from  fleshy  roots,  erect  at  first,  bending  over 
in  fruit.  Leaves  thrice-compound,  leaflets  cut  into  several  seg- 
ments. Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stems.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  5,  concave,  brownish  red.  Stamens  many  on  a  disk. 
Fruit  of  2-5  leathery  follicles  containing  several  large  seeds. 

a.  P.  Califor'nica  Nutt.    Leaves  of  pedate  outline,  scarcely  glaucous. 
Southern  California. 

b.  P.  Brow'nii  Dougl.    Leaves  cordate-ovate  in  outline,  very  glaucous. 
From  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  Oregon. 


BERBERIDA'CE.a£.     BARBERRY  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  ;  bracts, 
sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  opposite  each  other  instead  of 
alternating.  Anthers  opening  by  little  valves  hinged  at  the 
top.  Pistil  simple. 

I.    BER'BERIS,  Barberry,  Oregon  Grape 

Flowers  yellow,  in  clustered  racemes  with  bracts.  Sepals  6, 
petal-like.  Petals  and  stamens  6.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with 
stiff  spiny-toothed  leaflets.  Fruit,  in  our  species,  a  dark  blue 
berry.  Wood  yellow. 

a.  B.    re'pens   Lindl.     OREGON    GRAPE.     Less   than   a  foot  Ugh, 
from  slender  woody  rootstocks.     Leaflets  3-7,  not  shining,  somewhat 
glaucous,  racemes  few,  terminal.     Northern  California  to  Alaska. 

b.  B.  aquifo'lium  Pursh.      Often  5  or  6  ft.  high ;  leaflets  7-9,  bright 
green  and  glossy,  sinuate-dentate.     Racemes  terminal.     Fruit  nearly 
round.     In  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  from  Kern  County  north- 
ward. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  63 

c.  B.  pinna'ta  Lag.    From  less  than  a  foot  to  about  2  ft.  high. 
Leaflets  prominently  spiny,  the  lowest  pair  near  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
Racemes   both  axillary  and   terminal.   •  Hills  of  the  Coast  Moun- 
tains. 

d.  B.  nervo'sa  Pursh.     MAHONIA,  WATER  HOLLY.     Stem  simple, 
bearing  a   crown    of  large   leaves   at   summit,  mixed  with    many   dry, 
chaffy,  persistent  bracts.    Leaves  1-2  ft.  long,  leaflets  11-17,  somewhat 
palmately  nerved.     Racemes  long.     In  deep  woods  from  Monterey 
northward. 

n.    ACH'LYS,  Oregon  Sweet  Clover  and  Deer's-foot,  Sweet-in-death 

Flowers  on  a  scape  forming  a  spike,  without  sepals  or  petals. 
Stamens  9,  in  3  sets,  with  slender  filaments  and  short  anthers. 
Pistil  with  a  broad,  sessile  stigma  and  a  simple  ovary.  Fruit 
dry  and  indehiscent,  kidney-shaped,  thick  and  rounded  on  the 
back,  thin  and  concave  on  the  other  side,  with  a  fleshy  ridge 
down  the  center.  Leaves  large,  of  3  leaflets,  having  the  odor 
of  new-mown  hay,  or  vanilla,  when  they  become  dry. 

A.  triphylla  DC.  Leaves  and  flowering  stems  from  a  creeping 
rootstock.  Leaves  with  stalks  a  foot  or  more  long  and  with  the 
leaflets  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-5  in.  long,  palmately  veined  and 
coarsely  and  irregularly  wavy-margined. 

This  is  found  in  northern  California  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia.  It  grows  in  shady  woods  and  is  much  prized  on  account 
of  the  lasting,  and  sweet  perfume  of  the  dried  leaves.  It  blooms  in 
spring. 


LAURA'CE^:.     LAUREL  FAMILY 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs.  Perianth  of  6  petal-like  divi- 
sions. Stamens  9,  in  3  rows,  the  inner  with  3  glands  at  base 
alternating  with  tongue-shaped  staminodia.  Anthers  opening 
as  in  Berberidacece.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  forming  a  fruit  like 
an  olive. 

UMBELLULA'RIA,  California  Laurel  or  Bay 

Flowers  perfect  in  umbels  which  before  opening  are  in- 
cluded in  involucres  that  are  soon  deciduous. 


64  KEY   AND   FLORA 

U.  Califor'nica  Nutt.  SPICE  WOOD.  A  large,  handsome  tree 
(sometimes  shrubby),  with  smooth  bark.  Leaves  evergreen,  glossy, 
lanceolate-oblong,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  yellow,  soon  falling. 
Fruit  green  at  first,  dark  purple  or  yellow  when  ripe,  about  1  in. 
long,  solitary,  or  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  on  a  stout  peduncle.  This  grows 
near  or  not  far  from  water.  Oregon  to  San  Diego.  It  blooms  often 
in  December  or  even  in  November. 


PAPAVERA'CE^.     POPPY  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Parts  of  the  flower  all  separate  (except 
the  sepals  of  Eschscholtzia,  which  are  united),  and  distinct 
on  a  top-shaped  receptacle.  Sepals  falling  off  as  the  petals 
expand  in  the  bud.  Petals  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
generally  4.  Stamens  numerous  and  conspicuous.  Fruit  a 
capsule  with  parietal  placentae.  (In  Platystemon  the  seeds 
are  imbedded  in  the  walls  of  the  capsule  in  rows,  each  row 
forming  a  linear  necklace-like  follicle.) 

I.    ESCHSCHOLT'ZIA,  California  Poppy 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  bluish  green,  succu- 
lent, usually  cut  into  fine  divisions.  Sepals  united  into  a 
pointed  cap,  often  seen  on  the  opening  flower.  Petals  4)  orange 
or.  yellow.  Stamens  numerous,  with  long  anthers.  Stigmas 
2-6.  Pods  long  and  narrow,  ribbed,  usually  dehiscent  from 
the  apex,  the  valves  frequently  remaining  attached  at  the 
sides.  Receptacle  often  surrounded  with  a  rim. 

E.  Califor'nica  Cham.  Annual  or  perennial,  with  succulent  leafy 
stems.  Flowers  with  a  funnel-form  receptacle  and  a  broad  or 
narrow  rim.  Petals  broad,  yellow  or  orange,  often  the  two  colors 
in  the  same  flower.  This  is  the  commonest  species  and  is  widely 
distributed. 

H.    DENDROME'CON,  Tree  Poppy 

Shrubs  with  erect  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate, 
entire,  stiff.  Sepals  2,  large.  Petals  ^,  generally  large,  light 
yellow.  Stigmas  2.  Pod  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding, 
except  that  the  valves  are  generally  dehiscent  from  the  base. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  65 

D.  rig'ida  Benth.  This  shrub  is  generally  found  on  gravelly  or 
clayey  hills,  growing  to  a  height  of  from  2  to  8  ft.  .  It  is  conspicuous 
on  account  of  its  numerous  large  yellow  flowers,  which  may  be  found 
at  all  seasons.  The  bark  is  whitish.  It  is  widely  distributed. 


m.    PLATYSTE'MON,  Cream  Cups 

Low,  branching  herbs.  Stem  leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 
entire.  Sepals  3-6,  cream-color,  often  with  a  yellowish  spot 
near  the  base.  Stamens  numerous,  with  flat  filaments. 
Stigmas  linear,  separate,  one  to  each  of  the  necklace-like  2)ods, 
which  at  first  are  somewhat  united  ;  but  when  ripe  they  sepa- 
rate and  break  apart  between  the  seeds. 

P.  Califor'nicus  Benth.  Stems  branching  from  the  base,  from  6  in. 
to  1  ft.  high.  Leaves  light  green,  hairy,  broad-linear.  Flowers  not 
quite  1  in.  in  diameter.  Pods  from  6-25,  forming  an  oblong  cluster. 
This  is  common  in  early  spring  throughout  California. 


IV.    PLATYSTIG'MA,  Cream  Cups 

Stamens  few  or  many,  with  narrow  filaments.  Pod  with 
3  angles,  splitting  into  3  parts  when  ripe. 

a.  P.  linea're  Benth.     This   resembles    Platystemon,   but   can   be 
distinguished  by  the  3  stigmas  and  the  3-angled  pods. 

b.  P.  Calif or'nicum  Benth.  &  Hook.    Stems  long  and  slender,  with 
branches  2-forked,  smooth.     Flowers  small,  white.     Stamens   about 
12  in  2  circles.     Pod  about  1  in.  long,  narrowly  linear.     This  is  less 
common,  and  generally  grows  in  the  shade.     Santa  Barbara  County 
to  Oregon. 

V.    ARGEMO'NE,  Prickly  Poppy,  Mexican  Poppy,  Thistle  Poppy, 
Chicalote 

Herbs  with  stout  pale-green  stems,  and  foliage  more  or  less 
covered ;with  spines  or  prickles.  Sap  yellow.  Leaves  thistle- 
like.  Flowers  large,  white.  Sepals  3,  each  with  a  spine- 
like  beak,  forming  a  S-homed  bud.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens 
numerous,  on  slender  filaments.  Pods  1-celled,  opening  at 
the  top  into  3-6  parts,  the  ribs  remaining  fastened  to  the 
united  stigmas. 


66  KEY  AND  FLORA 

A.  platy'ceras  Link.  &  Otto.  Stems  smooth  under  the  dense  white 
prickles.  Flowers  3-4  in.  broad.  Ovary  densely  covered  with  erect 
prickles.  Central  and  southern  California. 

VI.  ROM'NEYA,  Matilija  (MATIL'IHA)  Poppy 

Smooth,  stout,  perennial  herbs,  several  feet  high,  with 
colorless  sap.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  cut  or  divided, 
not  spiny.  Sepals  3,  each  with  a  broad  wing  on  the  back. 
Petals  6,  large,  white.  Stamens  many,  with  filaments  dimin- 
ishing towards  the  base.  Ovary  covered  with  bristles.  Pod 
7—11-celled,  the  sides  separating  from  the  placenta. 

a.  R.  Courteri  Harv.    This  beautiful  plant  is  native  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state.     It  is  now  widely  cultivated.     The  flowers  are 
sometimes  6  in.  in  diameter.      The  buds  are  smooth.     This  grows  in 
southern  California  and  is  extensively  cultivated. 

b.  R.  trichoca'lyx  Eastwood.     This  is  similar  to  the  above,  but  the 
buds  are  hairy  arid  the  stems  are  not  so  robust.     The  dissected  leaves 
are  close  under  the  flowers.     This  is  the  true  Matilija  poppy,  since 
it  is  the  species  found  in  the  canon  of  that  name. 

VH.    MECONOP'SIS,  Poppy 

Annual  herbs  with  yellow  sap.  Leaves  variously  cut  into 
linear  divisions.  Sepals  2.  Petals  red  or  orange.  Stamens 
numerous.  Stigma  Jf-S-lobed,  on  a  distinct,  stout  style.  Pod 
1-celled,  with  the  valves  separating  as  in  Romneya. 

M.  heterophyl'la  Benth.  FLAMING  POPPY.  Smooth  and  slender 
herbs  with  succulent  stems  and  pale-green  leaves.  Flowers  on  long 
slender  peduncles,  exceedingly  variable,  from  less  than  1  in.  to  2  in. 
in  diameter,  with  pale-red  petals  becoming  darker  and  more  glow- 
ing at  the  center.  Throughout  California. 


FUMARLA/CE-SS.     BLEEDING  HEART  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  compound,  cut  into  many  narrow 
divisions.  Flowers  of  peculiar  shape.  Sepals  2,  petals  4, 
stamens  6  in  2  sets,  with  the  filaments  of  each  set  somewhat 
united,  the  middle  anthers  2-celled,  the  others  1-celled.  Pod 
1-celled,  with  the  valves  separating 'from  the  placenta. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  67 


I.    DICEN'TRA,  Bleeding  Heart 

Sepals  2,  like  scales.  Corolla  heart-shaped,  the  2  outer 
petals  swollen  at  the  base,  and  with  spreading  tips ;  the  2 
inner  narrow,  spoon-shaped,  with  a  crest  or  keel  on  the  back, 
united  at  the  tips  and  covering  the  anthers  and  stigma. 
Style  slender.  Stigma  2-lobed,  each  lobe  2-crested,  and  so 
appearing  4-lobed. 

a.  D.  formo'sa  DC.     BLEEDING   HEART.     Leaves   and  flowering 
stems  springing  from  creeping  rootstocks,  succulent  and  pale  green, 
1  or  2   ft.   high.      Flowers  rose-color,  in  compound   racemes.      This* 
grows  in  rich  soil  in  the  shade.    From  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
to  British  Columbia. 

b.  D.  chrysan'tha   Hook.  &  Arn.      GOLDEN  EARDROPS.    Flowers 
golden   yellow,  in    compound   racemes.       Stems    leafy,  stout,  2-4  ft. 
high.     Leaves  twice  pinnately  compounded,  often  more  than  1  ft. 
long.      Sepals    soon    falling.      Flowers    more    than    £    in.    long. 
This   showy    plant  .grows   in  sunny   places,    usually   on  dry  hills, 
throughout  California.     It  is  not  common. 


CRUCIF/ER-S£.    MUSTARD  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  pungent,  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  corymbs.  Sepals 
usually  4,  often  falling  early.  Petals  4,  with  the  blades  in 
the  form  of  a  cross.  Stamens  6,  the  2  outer  ones  shorter  than 
the  2  inner.  Fruit  a  pod  divided  into  2  parts  (except  in  the 
first  2  genera)  by  a  transparent  partition  which  stretches 
from  one  placenta  to  the  other.  The  flowers  of  this  family 
are  so  alike  that  genera  and  species  cannot  be  determined 
without  examining  tolerably  mature  fruit. 

*Pod  not  elongated,  flowers  usually  very  small. 
I.    THYSANOCAR'PUS,  Lace  Pod 

Flowers  inconspicuous,  white.  Fruit  roundish,  indekiscent, 
1-seeded,  surrounded  by  a  prominent  wing,  which  is  crenate, 
filled  with  small,  regular  holes  like  embroidery,  or  with  lines 


68  KEY   AND   FLORA 

radiating  from  the  seed  to  the  margin.  Erect,  branching, 
annual  herbs,  with  leaves  sessile  and  generally  auriculate- 
clasping. 

a.  T.  curMpes  Hook.     This  is  the  commonest  species.     It  has  the 
fruit  with  crenate  margin,  often  perforated.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  T.  ra'dians  Benth.    This  has  much  larger  fruit  than  the  preced- 
ing, with  lines  radiating  from  the  center  to  the  outside  of  the  wing. 
This  is  found  from  California  to  Oregon. 


H.    ATHY'SANUS 

Flowers  very  small.  Fruit  roundish,  not  winged,  generally 
covered  with  hooked  prickles,  indehiscent  and  1-seeded.  Low, 
spreading,  slender,  delicate,  hairy  herbs,  fruiting  in  spring. 

A.  pusil'lus  Greene.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  is  widely 
distributed. 

HI.    LEPID'IUM,  Peppergrass 

Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  with  petals  often  want- 
ing. Fruit  roundish,  usually  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled, 
flattened  contrary  to  the  partition. 

a.  L.  nit'idum  Nutt.     Low  annuals.     Pods  shining,  reddish,  very 
numerous.     Leaves  compound,  with  narrow,  linear  leaflets.     This  is 
one  of  the  earliest  plants  of  spring.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  L.  bipinnatif'idum   Desv.     Low,  almost   prostrate   herbs,  with 
the   lowest  leaves   twice    divided,  and    divisions   usually  roundish. 
Petals  wanting.    Pods  round,  on  stout  spreading  pedicels.    Introduced; 
Common  on  roads  and  streets. 

c.  L.  apet'alum  Willd.     Stems  slender,  a  foot  or  so  high,  branch- 
ing.    Lower  leaves  toothed  or  more  deeply  divided,  acute  at  apex. 
Flowers  without  petals,  on  erect  pedicels  that  spread  widely  in  fruit. 
Pods  smooth,  round,  notched  at  apex.     This  is  a  weed  which  has  been 
introduced  and  is  now  widely  distributed. 


IV.    SENEBIE'RA,  Wart  Cress 

Flowers  greenish.  Pod  of  2  globose,  equal  parts  united,  form- 
ing a  twin  pod.  Leaves  pinnately  parted.  Low,  spreading, 
introduced  plants  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  69 

S.  pinnatif  ida  DC.  This  is  found  along  the  coast,  growing  near 
flumes,  drains,  roads,  etc. 

V.    CAPSEI/LA,  Shepherd's  Purse 

Flowers  small,  white.  Pods  elliptical  or  obcordate,  2-celled, 
flattened  contrary  to  the  partition.  Erect  branching  herbs 
with  the  leaves  clustered  at  the  base. 

C.  Bursa-pasto'ris  Medic.  SHEPHERD'S  PURSE.  This  is  the  com- 
mon dooryard  weed,  with  obcordate  pods  in  loose  raceme. 

**  Pod  elongated.    Flowers  generally  conspicuous. 
VI.    RAPE' ANUS,  Radish 

Pod  beaked,  compressed  between  the  seed's.  Flowers  large, 
orange,  white  or  rose-purple,  veined.  These  are  coarse,  hairy, 
erect,  branching  herbs  with  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  cut  into 
several  divisions,  the  upper  one  much  the  largest. 

R.  sati'vus  L.  This  is  the  common  radish  which  grows  wild 
throughout  the  settled  parts  of  California.  The  petals  are  purplish, 
and  the  fruit  is  not  strongly  compressed  between  the  seeds. 

VH.    BRAS'SICA,  Mustard 

Pod  slender,  terete,  2-celled,  with  a  flattened  beak.  Flowers 
yellow.  All  probably  introduced  weeds. 

a.  B.  campes'tris   L.      WHITE   MUSTAPD.      Flowers   in   a   loose 
raceme.     Leaves  bluish  green,  smooth,  clasping.     Pods  large,  spread- 
ing.    This  is  very  common  and  is  in  bloom  earlier  than  the  other 
species. 

b.  B.  ni'gra  Koch.    BLACK  MUSTARD.     Flowers  in  close  racemes 
at  the  ends  of  long  stems,  fragrant.     Petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals.     Pods  rather  small,  erect  as  if  clinging  to  the  stem.     Stems  often 
very  tall.     This  is  common  throughout  California. 

Vm.    ERYS'IMUM,  Wallflower 

Pods  spreading  or  erect,  1-5  in.  long,  2-4-sided,  with  thick 
walls.  Flowers  fragrant,  yellow  or  orange,  at  first  in  a 


70  KEY   AND   FLOE  A 

corymb,  which  lengthens  to  a  raceme.  Petals  with  blade 
•J-  in.  long.  Erect  rough  herbs,  with  leaves  linear  or  lanceo- 
late. 

a.  E.  as'perum,  DC.     Stems  generally  simple,  often  tall.    Flowers 
generally  orange.     Pods  4-sided.     Widely  distributed  and  variable, 
especially  in  the  color  of  the  flowers. 

b.  E.    grandiflo'rum   Nutt.      Stems    1    or   2   ft.    high,    simple   or 
branched  from  the  base.     Flowers  in  a  corymb,  yellow,  becoming 
paler  after  pollination.    Pod  2-sided,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition. 
From  Oregon  to  Los  Angeles,  not  far  from  the  coast.    This  includes 
many  forms. 

IX.    NASTUR'TIUM,  Cress 

Pods  short,  oblong  or  linear,  with  thin  walls.  Flowers  small, 
yellow  or  white.  Leaves  usually  pinnately  divided. 

N.  officina'le  L.  WATER  CRESS.  This  is  common  in  all  the 
streams. 

X.    BARBARE'A,  Wintercress,  Yellow  Rocket 

Pods  somewhat  4-s'iaea->  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition, 
about  1  in.  long,  spreading  upwards.  Seeds  in  1  row  in 
each  cell.  Flowers  yellow,  with  petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  in  a  short,  dense  raceme.  Lower  leaves  compound,  with 
the  terminal  leaflet  rounded  and  larger  than  the  others  ;  upper 
leaves  generally  simple. 

B.  vulga'ris  R.  Br.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  grows  in  damp 
places  and  blooms  in  early  spring.  Widely  distributed. 


XI.    PLATYSPER'MUM 

Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  on  naked  scapes.  Sepals  broad, 
erect,  equaling  the  white,  linear-spatulate  petals.  Pods  almost 
orbicular,  with  broadly  winged,  veiny  seeds  in  2  rows.  Leaves 
lyrate,  with  few  lobes  or  almost  none. 

P.  scapig'erum  Hook.  Scapes  1-6  in.  in  height  in  fruit.  Flowers 
about  y1^  in.  long.  Pod  £-£  in.  long,  containing  8-12  seeds.  This 
is  found  on  the  eastern  slope -of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  from 
California  north  to  Washington.  It  blooms  in  early  spring. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  71 


XH.    DENTA'RIA,  Toothwort,  Pepper-root 

Pods  linear,  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition,  walls 
firm  without  nerves,  stigma  short.  Seeds  in  1  row,  wingless. 
Flowers  large,  pale  rose-color  or  milky  white. 

D.  Califor'nica  Nutt.  MILKMAIDS.  Rootstocks  bearing  tubers 
which  easily  break  off.  Root  leaves  simple  and  round-kidney-shaped 
or  with  3  leaflets  (usually  not  found  on  the  blooming  plant)  ;  stem 
leaves  with  from  3  to  5  pinnate  leaflets  on  petioles.  This  is  one  of 
the  loveliest  and  most  common  of  the  early  spring  flowers,  usually 
found  in  damp  places.  Widely  distributed  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

Xm.    CARDA'MINE 

Pods  linear,  flat,  with  the  seeds  in  1  row,  wingless.  This 
is  similar  to  Dentaria,  but  has  smaller  flowers,  narrower  pods, 
and  smaller  seeds.  The  chief  differences  lie  in  the  cotyledons, 
which  in  Cardamine  are  flattened,  while  in  Dentaria  they  are 
thick,  unequal,  and  oblique. 

C.  oligosper'ma  Nutt.  Annual,  slender,  hairy  or  smooth.  Leaves 
pinnately  divided,  with  small  3-5  lobed  or  toothed  divisions  which 
are  on  small  petioles.  Flowers  small,  \  in.  long,  white,  in  few- 
flowered  racemes,  on  short  peduncles.  Pods  erect,  on  short  stipes 
and  containing  8-20  seeds.  This  grows  in  shady,  damp  places  ;  it 
blooms  in  the  spring  and  is  widely  distributed  along  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

XIV.    AR'ABIS,  Rock-cress 

This  is  similar  to  the  preceding,  except  that  the  walls  of  the 
pods  are  nerved,  roots  woody,  and  seeds  usually  with  a  border 
or  wing.  Mowers  white  or  rose-color,  often  conspicuous. 

«.  A.  perfolia'ta  Lam.  TOWER  MUSTARD.  Biennial  herbs  with 
stems  bluish  green,  erect,  1  or  2  ft.  high.  Stem  leaves  arroic-shaped 
and  clasping.  Root  leaves  hairy,  soon  withering.  Flowers  small, 
white.  Pods  numerous,  slender,  erect,  parallel,  and  close  to  the  stem. 
Seeds  generally  narrowly  winged.  Widely  distributed. 

b.  A.  blepharophyl'la  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  lowr,  from  a  tuft  of 
broadly  spatulate,  dark-green  leaves,  with  long  hairs  on  the  margins. 
Flowers  large,  fragrant,  reddish  purple.  Pods  beaked,  flat,  loosely 
spreading.  Seeds  with  a  narrow  wing,  in  1  row.  This  is  perennial  and 
is  found  on  rocky  hills  near  the  coast  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 


72  KEY   AND   FLORA 

c.  A.   hirsu'ta  Scop.     Biennial,   hirsute  especially  at  base,  with 
spreading  hairs  which  are  simple  or  forked.     Stems  erect,  simple 
or  branched,   1-3  ft.  high.     Leaves  at  base  oblanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed  or  entire,  1-2  in.  long,  on  winged  petioles;  stem  leaves  cor- 
date or  auricled  at  base.     Flowers  very  small.    Petals  greenish  white. 
Pods  erect  on  slender  pedicels,  very  narrow,  1-2  in.  long ;  stigmas 
nearly  sessile.      Seeds  with  a  narrow   margin.      This   blooms   in 
spring  and  is  found  from  northern  California  to  Alaska. 

d.  A.   Holboellii  Hornem.     Biennial,    clothed   with   fine   stellate 
pubescence.     Stems  1-several,  simple  or  branched.     Leaves  at  base 
oblanceolate,  narrow,  entire.     Stem  leaves  arrow-shaped.     Flowers 
becoming  deflexed  and  generally  growing  on  one  side  of  the  pedun- 
cle.    Petals  white  or  pink,  £  in.  long.     Pods  flat,  reflexed ;  stigmas 
sessile.     Seeds  in  1  row,  orbicular,  winged.    This  blooms  in  the  spring 
and  is  very  widely  distributed. 

XV.    STREPTAN'THUS,  Jewel-flowers 

Pods  linear-oblong,  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition, 
on  a  broad  receptacle.  Seeds  flat,  with  a  margin  or  wing. 
Sepals  usually  bright  purple  or  white,  uniting  someivhat  to 
form  a  closed  calyx.  Petals  narrow,  with  spreading  blades. 
Anthers  long,  arrow-shaped ;  filaments  of  the  larger  stamens 
often  united  into  2  pairs.  The  species  are  numerous  and 
difficult  to  distinguish. 


XVI.    STANFOR'DIA  (NAMED  FOR  HON.  LELAND  STANFORD). 

Pods  linear  oblong,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition. 
Stigma  2-lobed,  on  well-developed  pods.  Otherwise  similar 
to  Streptanthus. 

S.  Califor'nica  Watson.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  is  found  in 
the  southern  San  Joaquin  Valley,  where  it  is  very  abundant  in  some 
parts  in  early  spring. 

XVII.    CAULAN'THUS,  Wild  Cabbage 

Pods  terete,  or  somewhat  flattened,  parallel  with  the  par- 
tition. Mowers  similar  to  the  two  preceding,  except  that  the 
petals  have  broad  claws,  and  the  blades  are  scarcely  evident. 
Tall  herbs,  often  with  inflated  stems.  The  species  are  mostly 
local  and  not  readily  distinguished. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  73 


XVm.    THELYPO'DIUM 

Pods  slender,  terete,  or  4-sided,  and  often  twisted,  on  a 
slender  stipe.  Flowers  white  or  purplish.  Stamens  long, 
conspicuous,  with  very  narrow,  arrow-shaped  anthers.  Sepals 
at  first  united  to  form  a  tithe,  afterwards  spreading. 

T.  lasiophyl'lum  Greene.  Erect,  smooth  below,  hairy  above. 
Leaves  toothed  or  pinnately  lobed  or  divided,  with  spreading  seg- 
ments. Flowers  small,  yellowish  white.  Pods  slender,  narrowed  to 
the  apex,  deflexed  on  curved  pedicels.  (One  variety  has  erect  pods.) 
This  is  common,  especially  in  cultivated  ground. 

XIX.   STAN'LEYA 

Pods  long  and  terete  on  a  raised  receptacle,  with  1  row  of 
seeds  in  each  cell.  Flowers  bright  yellow  or  cream-color,  with 
long,  narrow,  spatulate  petals  with  slender  claws;  anthers 
linear,  spirally  coiled,  on  long  filaments. 

S.  pinnatifida  Nutt.  GOLDEN  PRINCE'S  PLUME.  This  is  the 
only  known  Californian  species.  The  long  conspicuous  stamens 
and  the  long,  loosely  and  thickly  flowered  plume-like  clusters  of 
golden-yellow  flowers  suggested  the  common  name  to  Helen  Hunt 
Jackson.  Southern  California,  common  in  arid  districts. 


CAPPARIDA'CE^.    CAPER  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  palmately  compound  leaves 
of  3  leaflets.  Flowers  as  in  Cmiciferce,  except  that  the 
stamens  are  all  equal.  Pods  on  long  stipes,  1-celled,  with 
2  parietal  placentae.  Many  flowers  have  the  pistil  rudimen- 
tary and  never  produce  fruit. 

ISCKMERIS,  Bladderpod 

Shrubby,  with  hard,  yellow  wood.  Leaflets  as  long  as  the 
petiole.  Flowers  in  racemes  with  bracts,  generally  simple. 
Corolla  yellow,  £  in.  in  diameter.  Pods  inflated,  pear-shaped, 
drooping,  on  long  slender  stipes. 

I.  arbo'rea  Nutt.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  is  found  in  south- 
ern California,  where  it  is  quite  common. 


74  KEY  AND  FLORA 


CRASSULA'CEJE.     STONECROP  FAMILY 

Thick,  fleshy  herbs.  Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils 
all  of  the  same  number,  or  stamens  twice  that  number.  The 
pistils  become  follicles  in  fruit. 

I.    SE'DUM,  Stonecrop 

Sepals  4  or  5>  united  at  base.  Petals  distinct,  spreading, 
star-like.  Flowers  in  cymes,  generally  on  one  side  of  the 
flowering  axis,  deep  purple,  yellow,  or  white.  No  one  species 
is  widely  distributed  in  California. 

«.  S.  spathulifo'lium.  Hook.  Perennial.  Stems  spreading  by  run- 
ners and  rooting  at  the  rose-like  bunches  of  fleshy  leaves.  Leaves 
glaucous,  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  £-3  in.  long.  Flowering  stems 
erect,  capped  by  a  cyme  of  yellow  flowers,  which  are  almost  sessile,  and 
disposed  to  be  on  one  side  of  the  peduncles.  Petals  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate  sepals,  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style.  This 
blooms  in  summer.  It  grows  on  rocks  that  are  clothed  with  moss 
and  are  wet  during  the  rainy  season,  but  later  become  dry.  It  is 
common  from  middle  California  to  Washington. 

b.  S.  Orega'num  Nutt.     This  is  similar  to  the  above  but  is  not 
glaucous.    Flowers  larger.     Petals  pale  rose-color,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
with  pointed  apex,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens.     This  is 
found  frojn  northern  California  to  Washington. 

c.  S.  pu'milum  Benth.     Annual,  slender,  with   stems   simple   or 
branched,  1-6  in.  high.     Leaves  £  in.  long,  ovate-oblong.     Flowers 
yellow,    sessile,    in    cymes.       Calyx    lobes    very    small,    triangular, 
acute.      Petals    linear,    acute,    exceeding   the    calyx,    stamens,    and 
styles.     Follicles   l-seeded,   with   the   seed  filling   the   cavity.     This   is 
widely    distributed    in    the    Coast    and   Sierra   Nevada   Mountains. 
It  blooms  in  summer  and  generally  grows  on  northward  slopes  or 
on  shady  rocks. 

H.    COTYLE'DON  (ECHEVERIA) 

Calyx  Smarted.  Petals  united  into  a  cylindrical  corolla. 
Stamens  10,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Leaves  entire,  thick, 
and  fleshy,  forming  large  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  flowering 
stem.  Flowers  red  or  yellow,  in  long  racemes  or  cymes, 
coiled  somewhat  at  the  tip.  The  species  are  difficult  to 
distinguish  and  mostly  local. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  75 


SAXIFRAGA'CE^.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leayes  opposite  or  alternate  without 
stipules.  Calyx  either  free  from  or  partially  united  to  the 
ovary.  Petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens 
not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  calyx  lobes.  Carpels 
2-5,  partially  or  completely  united  into  a  compound  ovary. 
Styles  distinct.  Seeds  with  endosperm.  In  the  currants  and 
gooseberries  the  fruit  forms  a  berry. 

I.    SAXIF'RAGA,  Saxifrage 

Herbs  with  simple  or  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  cymose 
or  panicled  flowers.  (Flowers  rarely  solitary.)  Calyx  5-lobed, 
either  free  from  the  ovary  or  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
tube  coherent.  Petals  5,  entire,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube. 
Stamens  10.  Capsule  consisting  of  2  carpels  united  at  the 
base,  the  styles  soon  diverging  and  becoming  beaks  on  the 
akenes.  Placenta  axillary.  Leaves  often  in  radical  clusters 
and  flowers  on  a  scape. 

S.  Calif  or'nica  Greene.  Leaves  few,  rather  thick,  somewhat 
clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  oval  to  elliptical,  on  broad  petioles ; 
margin  crenate  or  dentate.  Scape  6-18  in.  high^  flowers  in  a  loose 
panicle.  Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  with  reflexed  sepals. 
Petals  oblong,  white,  thrice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Stamens  with 
filaments  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk  which  equals  the  summit 
of  the  ovary.  Blooming  in  early  spring  and  found  on  cool  slopes 
throughout  California. 

n.  BOYKHTIA 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy  stems,  and 
paniculate  corymbs  or  cymes  of  small  white  flowers.  Leaves 
alternate,  round-kidney-shaped,  palmately  lobed  or  toothed, 
the  teeth  glandular  at  tip ;  petioles  with  stipule-like  dilations 
at  base.  Calyx  o-lobed,  with  globular  tube,  adherent  to  the 
ovary.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5,  with  short  filaments. 
Pod  splitting  down  the  beaks,  %-celled. 

B.  occidentalis  T.  &  G.  Diffusely  branched,  with  slender  stems 
1  or  2  ft.  high.  Leaves  somewhat  scattered,  thin,  5-7-lobed,  1-3  in. 


76  KEY   AND   FLORA 

broad;  petioles  with  brown  bristles  at  base.  Calyx  with  urn- 
shaped  tube  and  triangular  lobes.  Petals  recurved  in  age,  wedge- 
shaped.  This  grows  along  rocky  streams  from  middle  California  to 
British  Columbia.  It  blooms  in  the  summer. 


HI.    TELLFMA 

Perennial  herbs  from  rootstocks  or  tubers.  Leaves  mostly 
radical,  round-cordate,  toothed  or  palmately  divided,  with 
petioles  dilated  at  base.  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme.  Calyx 
bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped ',  with  the  base  attached  to  the  lower 
half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  fringed,  lobed,  or  entire,  white 
or  rose-color.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2  or  3,  short,  with  round 
stigmas.  Capsule  slightly  beaked  by  the  persistent  styles,  and 
opening  between  the  beaks. 

a.  T.  grandiflo'ra  Dougl.     FRINGED   CUPS.     Stems  rather  stout, 
1-2  ft.  high,  from  a  woody  rootstock.    Radical  leaves  2-4  in.  broad. 
Flowers  with  inflated  calyx  and  petals  rose-color,  fringed.     This  grows 
in  moist,  shady  places.     From  Santa  Cruz  to  Alaska. 

b.  T.  affinis  Bolander.     Stems  slender,  about  a  foot  high,  from 
a   tuber-bearing    rootstock.      Radical   leaves   round-kidney-shaped, 
slightly  lobed;  stem  leaves  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  with  coarsely 
toothed  lobes.     Calyx  narrowed  at  base,  with  its  tube  adhering  to  the 
ovary.      Petals   white,    the   lower    3-toothed,    the    upper   narrower, 
shorter,  and  entire.     In  shady  places  almost  throughout  the  state. 

c.  T.  heterophylla  Hook.  &  Arn.     Similar   to  the  preceding  in 
stem   and   general   appearance.      Radical    leaves   with   5   shallow, 
rounded  lobes,  stem  leaves  more  deeply  3-lobed  or  parted.     Calyx 
bell-shaped,  the  base  adhering  to  the  ovary.     Petals  3-lobed.     Common 
in  the  Coast  Mountains,  in  shady  places. 

d.  T.  parviflo'ra   Hook.     Stems  slender,  about  a  foot  in  height, 
clothed  with  rough  pubescence.     Leaves  3-5-parted,  with  the  divi- 
sions wedge-shaped  and  cleft  into  narrow  lobes.    Calyx  wedge-shaped, 
half  adhering  to  the  ovary.     Petals  3-cleft,  with  the  divisions  linear  or 
oblong.     Besides  the  bulblets  on  the  slender  rootstocks,  there  are 
generally  some  on  the  few-flowered  raceme.     Blooming  in  spring 
and  found  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

e.  T.  tenel'la  Watson.     Stems  slender,  2-9  in.  high,  rough  with 
glandular  pubescence.     Leaves  similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller. 
Calyx  bell-shaped,  with  the  base  roundish  or  acute,  adherent  only  at  base. 
Petals  3-7 -parted  into  linear  divisions.     This  also  has  bulblets  on 
the  rootstock  and  racemes.     Blooming  in  spring  and  found   from 
northern  California  to  Washington. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  77 


IV.    TOLMIE'A 

Perennial  herbs  with  slender,  creeping  rootstocks  and  some- 
times runners.  Leaves  mostly  from  the  root.  Flowers 
small,  in  a  loose  raceme.  Calyx  funnel-form,  free  from  the 
ovary,  thin  and  swollen  at  base,  ivith  unequal  lobes.  Petals  4~5, 
thread-like,  recurved,  persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  short,  and  anthers  with  the 
2  cells  running  into  one.  Pod  oblong,  with  the  base  tapering 
to  a  short  stem,  splitting  betiveen  the  diverging  equal  beaks. 

T.  Menzie'sii  T.  &  G.  Stems  1-2  ft.  high,  hairy  with  stiff  hairs. 
Leaves  round,  heart-shaped,  crenately  toothed  ;  petioles  slender ;  stem 
leaves  few.  Raceme  nearly  a  foot  long,  flowers  greenish  or  purplish, 
nearly  £  in.  long,  including  the  capsule.  Blooming  in  spring  and 
summer  and  found  from  northern  California  to  Washington. 


V.    HEU'CHERA,  Alum  Root 

Perennial  herbs  from  stout  rootstocks.  Leaves  all  radical, 
cordate,  lobed  and  toothed,  the  veins  often  colored  red. 
Flowers  small  in  a  panicle.  Calyx  generally  campanulate, 
with  base  attached  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
entire,  small,'  soon  falling.  Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  with 
2  parietal  placentce  and  2  styles  which  become  beaks  on  the 
capsule. 

a.  H.  micran'tha  Dougl.     This  is  the  commonest  species.     It  is  con-, 
spicuous  on  moist,  shady  banks  because  of  its  beautiful  red-veined 
leaves.      The  flowers  are  quite  small,  and  the  panicle  is  loosely  and 
numerously  flowered.     Common  in  shady  places   in  the  Coast  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

b.  H.  cylin'drica  Dougl.     Leaves  all  from  the  root,  round-kidney- 
shaped,  lobed  or  crenately  toothed,  1-2  in.  broad.     Flowers  greenish, 
in  spikes,  terminating  leafless  scapes,  1-2  ft.  high.     Calyx  lobes  erect, 
oblong,  and  elongated.     Petals  very  small  or  wanting.     Stamens  and 
style  short.     Blooming  in  spring.     Washington  and  Oregon. 

VI.    TIAREL'LA 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves  with 
stipules.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  panicle  or  raceme. 
Calyx  5-parted,  with  valvate  lobes.  Petals  5,  entire,  with 


78  KEY  AND   FLORA 

claws.  Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  at  the  base  of 
the  calyx.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  of  2  valves,  which 
soon  separate  and  become  unequal,  one  elongating,  the  other 
remaining  short.  Seeds  few  at  the  base  of  the  placentae. 
Blooming  in  summer  and  found  from  northern  California  to 
British  Columbia. 

T.  unifolia'ta  Hook.  Stems  slender,  £-1^  ft.  high.  Leaves 
ovate-cordate,  3-5-lobed;  those  from  the  root  on  long  petioles; 
stem  leaves  few,  on  short  petioles.  Panicle  narrow.  This  is  found 
in  shady  woods  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia.  It 
blooms  in  the  summer. 


VH.    RI'BES,  Currant,  Gooseberry 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves. 
Flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branch  lets, 
sometimes  blooming  before  the  leaves.  Calyx  with  tube 
attached  to  the  globose  ovary  and  extending  beyond  it,  the 
border  4  or  5  cleft,  usually  colored.  Petals  erect,  smaller 
than  the  calyx  lobes.  Stamens  alternating  with  the  petals. 
Fruit  a  berry,  smooth  or  prickly,  containing  many  seeds,  and 
generally  surmounted  by  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower. 

a.  R.  specio'sum  Pursh.    FUCHSIA-FLOWERED  GOOSEBERRY.    Tall, 
with  prickly  branches  armed  with  3  large  thorns  under  each  cluster 
of  leaves.     Leaves  thick,  small,  smooth,  nearly  evergreen.     Flowers 
2—5,  on  a  glandular-bristly  peduncle,  bright  red,  with  the  parts  four, 
almost   1    in.    long,   drooping.      Stamens   protruding  from   the    corolla. 
Berry  dry,  densely  glandular-bristly.      Common    in  southern    Cal- 
ifornia. 

b.  R.    divarica'tum    Dougl.       GOOSEBERRY.     Stems   destitute   of 
prickles  except  on  young  sho.ots,  with  1-3  thorns  under  each  cluster 
of  leaves.    Calyx  greenish  white  or  purple.     Petals  white,  fan-shaped, 
much  shorter  than  the  filaments  and  2-cleft  style.     Berry  dark  red, 
smooth.     Widely  distributed. 

c.  R.  sanguin'eum  Pursh.     FLOWERING   CURRANT.      Stems  with- 
out prickles  or  thorns,  usually  glandular.     Racemes  numerous,  many- 
flowered,  drooping.     Flowers  rose-color.     Berries  black  or  covered 
with  a  bloom.     This  is  one  of  the  earliest-blooming  plants,  some- 
times flowering  in  November.     The  flowers  appear  before  or  with 
the  leaves,  and  the  whole  plant  is  very  fragrant.     Some  botanists  con- 
sider that  several  species  are  included  in  this.     Widely  distributed. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  79 

d.  R.  bracteo'sum  Dougl.     Tall  shrub,  without  prickles  or  thorns, 
smooth.     Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  3-9  in.  broad,  5-7- 
cleft,  with  pointed  lobes  and  doubly  serrate  margins  ;  petioles  long. 
Racemes  many-flowered,  becoming  1  ft.,  long,  with  persistent  bracts  which 
are  thread-like  above  and  become  leaf-like  'below.    Flowers  greenish  white. 
Calyx  saucer-shaped.     Fruit  a  black  berry,  sprinkled  with  resinous 
dots.     Blooming  in  spring  and  found  from  northern  California  to 
Alaska. 

e.  R.  ce'reum.  Dougl.     Shrub   with   many  short,   stout  branches, 
which  are  glutinous  and  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots.      Leaves  1  in. 
broad,    kidney-shaped,    5-lobed,   crenately   toothed.     Racemes  with 
3-5  flowers  on  short  peduncles.     Calyx  white,  with  a  greenish  or 
pinkish   cylindrical   tube    £    in.    long,  the    lobes   recurved.     Petals 
orbicular.     Fruit  a  scarlet  berry  with  a  sweet,  resinous  taste.     Blooming 
in  the  spring  and  found  from  northern  California  to  Washington. 

f.  R.  lacus'tre  Poir.     Low  shrub  with  prickly  stems  and  thorns 
under  the  leaf  axils.      Leaves  3-5-parted,  their  lobes  deeply  cut. 
Calyx  saucer-shaped,  petals  small,  stamens  and  style  short.     Fruit 
a  reddish  berry  more  or  less  covered   with  prickles.     From    northern 
California  to  Washington.     The  variety  molle  Gray  is  the  form  com- 
mon in  the  mountains  of  California.     This  species  has  the  fruit  and 
the  prickly  stems  of  the  gooseberry  but  the  racemed  flowers  of  the 
currant. 

Vm.    PHILADEL'PHUS,  Mock  Orange,  Syringa 

Shrubs  with  diffuse  branches,  several  feet  in  height.  Leaves 
opposite,  entire  or  toothed,  ovate  or  oblong,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  showy,  white,  in  paniculate  cymes.  Calyx  with  tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary  almost  to  its  top,  with  J^-5  divisions  which 
are  valvate  in  bud.  Petals  4  or  5,  large,  obovate,  convolute  in 
bud.  Stamens  many,  with  slender  filaments.  Styles  3-5, 
united  at  base  or  almost  to  the  top.  Pod  3-5-celled,  splitting 
from  the  apex  when  ripe,  each  valve  2-parted.  Seeds  many, 
pendent  on  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis. 

a.  P.  Lewis'ii  Pursh.     Nearly   smooth.     Leaves   ovate,    1-2    in. 
long,  nearly  entire.     Panicle  on  a  naked  peduncle.     Styles  distinct  at 
apex  only,  stigmas  narrow.     Blooming  in  spring  and  found  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  from  California  to  British  Columbia. 

b.  P.    Gordonia'nus   Lindl.      Almost   smooth.      Leaves   ovate   to 
oblong,  2-4  in.  long,  coarsely  serrate  with  scattered  teeth.     Flowers 
in  loose  clusters  with  the  peduncles  leafy  at  base.     Styles  distinct  to  the 
middle.     Blooming  in  spring,  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  from  northern 
California  to  Washington. 


80  KEY  AND   FLORA 


IX.    WHIP'PLEA 

Low  shrubs,  with  trailing  stems  and  branches.  Leaves 
opposite,  3-ribbed,  toothed.  Flowers  in  small  cymes  on  slender, 
naked  steins.  .  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  white  divisions,  the  tube 
attached  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  very  small. 
Ovary  3-5-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell.  Styles  as  many  as 
the  cells. 

W.  modes'ta  Torr.  This  is  always  found  in  woods  of  the  Coast 
Mountains,  particularly  in  the  redwoods. 


CALYCANTHA'CEJE.     SWEET  SHRUB  FAMILY 

Aromatic  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ; 
sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  passing  into  each  other,  and  all 
uniting  below  into  a  closed  cup  which  is  lined  by  a  hollow 
receptacle  bearing  numerous  simple  pistils. 

Calycan'thus  occidentals  Hook.  &  Arn.  SWEET  SHRUB.  Sepals 
numerous,  imbricated,  their  bases  united  in  many  ranks  into  a 
cup-shaped  tube,  the  outer  bract-like,  the  inner  linear-oblong ;  petals 
similar.  Flowers  terminal,  reddish  purple,  fragrant,  with  an  odor  like 
benzoin.  This  grows  near  streams  and  is  more  frequent  in  northern 
California. 

ROSA'CE^E.     ROSE  FAMILY 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves. 
Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  persistent  calyx  or  on  a 
calyx-like  receptacle.  Ovaries  from  one  to  several.  Seeds  few, 
without  endosperm.  This  family  contains  some  of  our  most 
valuable  fruits,  such  as  the  apple,  pear,  quince,  almond,  peach, 
plum,  apricot,  cherry,  raspberry,  blackberry,  and  strawberry. 
There  are  three  great  subdivisions  or  suborders. 

SUBORDER  I.  —  AMYGDA'LE^ 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Fruits  with  a  fleshy  exocarp  enclosing 
a  hard  endocarp,  called  a  drupe  or  stone  fruit,  as  the  plum, 
peach,  almond,  etc. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  81 


I.    NUTTAI/LIA  (OSMAROTTIA) 

Shrubby,  dioecious.  Flowers  white,  in  drooping  racemes. 
Carpels  5,  usually  only  1  or  2  ripening.  The  stipules  soon 
fall.  The  leaves  when  crushed  have  the  odor  of  bitter 
almonds. 

N.  cerasifor'mis  Torr.  &  Gray.  Oso  BERRY.  Stems  erect,  generally 
growing  in  clumps,  the  male  plants  being  much  more  numerous 
than  the  female.  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  conspicuous 
bracts.  Calyx  broadly  funnel-shaped,  with  a  5-toothed  border.  Petals 
5,  spatulate.  Stamens  15,  10  erect  in  a  line  on  the  calyx,  5  below 
deflexed.  Carpels  on  the  disk  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  black- 
purple,  with  bitter  pulp,  furrowed  slightly  on  the  inner  side.  This 
often  blooms  in  January  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  but  is  much  later 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Widely  distributed. 


H.    PRU'NUS,  Plum,  Cherry 

Trees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  perfect,  white.     Pistil  only  1, 
forming  a  stone  fruit. 

a.  P.   demis'sa  Walp.     CHOKECHERRY.     Trees   or  shrubs   with 
serrate  leaves.     Flowers   in   many-flowered  drooping   racemes.     Fruit 
globose,  red,  or  dark  purple,  astringent.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  P.  ilicifo'lia  Walp.,  ISLAY.     Tree  or  shrub  with  glossy  evergreen, 
spiny,  holly-like  leaves.    Racemes  from  ^  to  2  in.  long.    Fruit  somewhat 
flattened,  £  in.  thick,  sweetish,  the  stone  large  and  the  pulp  thin. 
From  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego. 

c.  P.  emargina'ta  Walp.     Small  tree  with  slender,  reddish  twigs, 
which  are  generally  smooth.     Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acute,  serrate  with  fine  teeth,  with  2  glands  near  the  summit  of  the 
petiole.     Corymbs  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  few,  white  flowers.     Fruit 
a  dark  red  cherry,  which  is  bitter  and  astringent. 

d.  P.  Califor'nica  Greene.     Shrub  with  the  branches  from  the  root, 
smooth  and  shining.     Leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  emar- 
ginate,  or  even  acute,  serrate  with  fine  teeth  and  with  1  gland  on  tite 
lower  part  of  the  blade.     Flowers  few  in  a  short  corymb.     Fruit  a  red 
cherry,  which  is  very  bitter.     In  the  mountains  throughout  middle 
and  northern  California. 

e.  P.    subcorda'ta  Benth.     Tree  or  shrub  with   thorny  branches. 
Leaves  ovate,  1  in.  long,  with  the  base  wedge-shaped  or  heart-shaped, 
the  margin  finely  and  sharply  serrate.      Flowers  white,  in  few-flow- 
ered umbels.     Fruit  a  red  plum,  f  in.  long,  not  palatable.     This  is 


82  KEY   AND   FLORA 

common  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of  California.  The  variety  Kelloggii 
Lemmon  has  yellow  fruit,  which  is  sweet  and  palatable.  It  is  found 
in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 


SUBORDER  II.  —  RO'SEJE 

Pistils  few  or  many  (sometimes  only  one)  separate  from 
each  other  and  free  from  the  persistent  calyx ;  sometimes,  as 
in  the  rose,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  the  hollow  receptacle. 
Stipules  united  to  the  bottom  of  the  petiole.  Many  are  armed 
with  spines  or  prickles,  and  some  are  valuable  fruits,  as  the 
strawberry,  _  raspberry,  blackberry. 

I.    NEIL'LIA   (PHYSOCAR'PUS),  Ninebark,  Bridal  Wreath 

Shrubs  without  thorns  or  prickles,  the  bark  becoming 
shreddy.  Leaves  roundish,  lobed  and  toothed,  with  large 
stipules.  Flowers  in  corymbs  resembling  umbels,  on  short  leafy 
branchlets  disposed  along  the  steins.  Petals  white.  Calyx 
5-lobed.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  1-5,  becoming  inflated, 
shining,  2-seeded  pods. 

N.  opulifo'lia  Benth.  &  Hook.  3-10  ft.  high,  the  slender  stems 
often  apparently  climbing  over  the  bushes.  Pods  becoming  reddish 
when  ripe.  Widely  distributed. 

H.    SPIFLffi'A,  Hardback' 

Similar  to  the  above,  except  that  the  flowers  are  in  com- 
pound corymbs  or  panicles  terminating  the  stems  or  branches,  the 
pods  are  membranous  and  not  inflated,  and  the  leaves  generally 
without  stipules.  Pistils  5,  becoming  several-seeded  follicles. 

a.  S.  densiflora  Nutt.     A   shrub  with  reddish  bark,  leaves  almost 
smooth.     Flowers  rose-purple,  in  compound  corymbs.     In  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains. 

b.  S.  Douglas'ii  Hook.     HARDBACK.     A  shrub  with  reddish  brown 
bark,  leaves  white  on  the  lower  surface,  flowers  rose-purple,  in  panicles, 
stamens  numerous,  giving  the  cluster  a  woolly  appearance.     Northern 
California  to  British  Columbia. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  83 


m.    HOLODIS'CUS,  Meadow-sweet 

Generally  taller  and  with  small  white  flowers  in  spreading 
panicles.  Stamens  20,  inserted  on  a  disk  like  a  ring.  Pistils 
5,  becoming  1-seeded  carpels  which  are  dehiscent  by  one  side  or 
not  at  all. 

a.  S.  ariaefo'lius.     Shmb  with  dark  brown,  smooth  bark,  leaves 
silky-whitish   beneath,  flowers  white,  turning  brownish,  in  ^oosely 
flowered  plumose  panicles,  somewhat  drooping  in  flower,  erect  in 
fruit.     Blooming  in  early  summer  and  growing  along  the  woods  of 
the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  H.  dis'color  Maxim.     Shrub  with  short,  rigid  branches,  clothed 
with  gray-brown,  shreddy  bark.      Leaves   deep  green  and  almost 
smooth  above,  clothed  with  white  tomentum  on  the  lower  surface. 
Panicles  erect  on  short,  erect  branches.    This  is  found  on  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  north  to  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

IV.    CERCOCARTUS,  Mountain  Mahogany 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed, 
evergreen.  Flowers  axillary,  small.  Calyx  with  a  long  tube 
and  a  saucer-shaped  border.  Petals  absent.  Carpels  included 
in  the  calyx  tube,  usually  1,  tipped  by  a  long,  feathery  style. 

a.  C.  ledifo'lius  Nutt.     Leaves  lanceolate  icitJi  revolute  margins,  thick 
and  resinous,   white-downy   on  the  lower  surface,   smooth    above. 
Flowers  sessile,  downy.    Tail  of  fruit  2  or  3  in.  long.    Chiefly  found 
on  the  eastern  slope  of   the    Sierra   Nevada   Mountains,  north  to 
Oregon  and  Washington.     Spring. 

b.  C.  parvifo'lius  Nutt.     Shrubby,  though  sometimes  15  or  20  ft. 
high.    Leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  thinner  than  the  preceding, 
with  silky  hairs  above  and  white  down  beneath.     Flowers  on  short, 
slender  pedicels.     Tail  of  fruit  3  or  4  in.  long.     Common,  widely 
distributed,  and  variable.     Spring. 


V.    PURSHOA  (KUN'ZIA),  Buckbush 

Low,  diffusely  branched  shrubs.  Leaves  in  bunches  on 
the  stem,  wedge-shaped.  Flowers  small,  at  the  ends  of  short 
branchlets.  Calyx  funnel-shaped.  Petals  5,  yellow,  longer 
than  the  calyx  lobes.  Stamens  many,  in  1  row.  Carpels  1 


84  KEY  AND  FLORA 

or  2,  narrowed  at  each  end,  projecting  from  the  calyx,  but  th.e 
style  not  becoming  longer  in  fruit. 

P.  tridenta'ta.  Leaves  3-lobed  at  apex,  covered  with  white  down 
on  the  under  surface.  Calyx  also  downy.  This  is  common  in  the 
lower  mountains,  especially  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains.  Late  spring. 

•  VI.    ADENOSTOMA,  Chemisal,  Greasewood 

Evergreen  shrub  with  linear,  resinous  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  panicles.  Calyx  with  a  10-ribbed  tube  and 
broad,  membranous  lobes.  Petals  5,  round.  Stamens  gen- 
erally from  10  to  15  in  clusters  between  the  petals.  Fruit 
1-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx  tube. 

a.  A.   fascicula'tum.   Hook.    &  Arn.      CHEMISAL,    GREASEWOOD. 
Stems  many,  the  slender,  reddish  branches  covered  with  close  clus- 
ters of  very  small,  heather-like  leaves ;   stipules  small,  acute.     Flowers 
crowded,  nearly  sessile.     This  often  exclusively  covers  acres,  usually 
growing  on  dry  hills. 

b.  A.   sparsifo'lium   Torr.     YERBA    DEL  PASMO.     Tree  or  shrub 
with  narrowly  linear,  scattered  leaves,  without  stipules.     Flowers  larger 
than  the  preceding,  on  distinct  pedicel's.     This  is  found  in  southern 
California.     It  is  very  fragrant,  and  much  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds  by  the  Indians. 

VII.    GE'UM,  Avens. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  pinnately  divided, 
with  petioles  sheathing  the  stem  and  stipules  attached. 
Flowers  about  as  large  as  a  nickel,  solitary  or  generally  in 
corymbs.  Calyx  open-bell-shaped,  valvate  in  bud,  with  bract- 
lets  between  the  lobes.  Petals  5,  purplish  or  yellow.  Car- 
pels very  numerous,  on  a  dry  receptacle,  the  style  becoming  long  / 
in  fruit  either  bent  in  the  middle  or  feathery. 

a.  G.  inacrophyllum  Will-1,    Stems  1-3  ft.  high,  hairy.    Leaves  with 
the  largest  division  r. '   the  tip.     Corolla  yellow,  with  broad  lobes 
longer  than  the  sepals.     Receptacle  of  the  fruit  smooth.     Styles  bent 
near  the  middle,  the  upper  part  fatting,  leaving  the  lower  part  hooked. 
In  the  mountains.     Summer. 

b.  G.  stric'tum  Ait.    Similar  to  the  preceding  but  less  hairy.   Recep- 
tacle of  fruit  downy  instead  of  smooth.     In  the  mountains. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  85 

c.  G.  rivale  L.     Somewhat  similar  to  the  preceding  in  habit  of 
growth.     Calyx  brownish  purple.     Petals  purplish,  broad,  with  a 
short  claw.     Style  bent  in  the  middle,  but  the  upper  part  feathery.     In 
the  mountains.     Summer. 

d.  G.  triflo'rum  Pursh  (G.  cilia'tum).    About  a  foot  high.    Leaves  all 
radical,  except  for  a  few  bract-like  leaves  on  the  scapes,  pinnate, 
with  leaflets  crowded  and  irregular  in  size.     Flowers  usually  3,  on 
long  peduncles,  large,  reddish  purple.     Calyx  with  bractlets  longer 
than  its  lobes,  equaling  the  petals.     Styles  straight,  long,  and  feathery. 
Widely  distributed.     Summer. 

Vm.    CHAM^EBA'TIA,  Mountain  Misery,  Tarweed 

Low,  evergreen,  glaudular-aromatic  shrub.  Leaves  tri- 
pinnately  dissected  ivith  the  ultimate  segments  -minute;  stipules 
small,  linear,  entire.  Flowers  about  as  large  as  a  dime,  in 
terminal  cymes.  Calyx  with  top-shaped  tube  and  5-lobed 
border.  Petals  white,  5,  obovate.  Stamens  many.  Pistil 
one  becoming  a  large  akene. 

C.  foliolo'sa  Benth.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  covers  the 
ground  under  the  pines  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  Its  fern- 
like  foliage,  strong  odor,  and  abundant  viscidity  cause  it  to  be  well 
known. 

IX.    POTENTII/LA,  Cinquefoil,  Five-finger 

Herbs  (one  species  shrubby)  with  compound  leaves,  toothed 
leaflets,  and  stipules  attached  to  the  petiole.  Calyx  saucer- 
shaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft  and  with  5  smaller  bractlets. 
Petals  5,  yellow  (rarely  white).  Akenes  on  the  receptacle, 
which  is  dry  and  smooth  or  hairy. 

a.  P.  Anseri'na  L.    SILVERY  CINQUEFOIL.      Stems  prostrate,  with 
runners  like  a  'strawberry.     Leaves  pinnately  compound  with   from 
7  to  21  leaflets  (smaller  ones  interposed),  sharply  serrate  and  sil- 
very white  on  the  lower  surface.     Flowers  yellow,  nearly  an  inch 
in  diameter,  petals  falling  easily.     Receptacle  very  woolly.     This 
is  common  in  wet  places  everywhere. 

b.  P.  glandulo'sa  Lindl.     Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  covered  with 
glandular   hairs.     Leaves  pinnately  compound  with  from  5   to   7 
leaflets.     Flowers  in  cymes  that  became   open  and  spreading  in  fruit. 
Petals  yellow  or  yellowish  white.     Stamens  25  in  one  row.     This 
usually  grows  in  rather  shady  places.     Widely  distributed. 


86  KEY   AND   FLOKA 

c.  P.  gra'cilis  Dougl.  Stems  1-3  ft.  high,  clothed  with  woolly 
hairs.  Leaves  palmately  or  pinnately  compound,  with  7  or  more 
deeply  lobed  or  coarsely  serrate  leaflets  which  are  while-tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface.  Flowers  yellow,  in  loose,  ample  cymes.  Akenes  40 
or  more,  smooth.  This  blooms  in  the  spring  and  is  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  mountains.  There  are  many  species  very  difficult 
to  distinguish. 

X.    FRAGA'RIA,   Strawberry 

Calyx  5-lobed  and  with  5  alternate  bractlets.  Petals  5, 
white,  spreading.  Stamens  many  in  one  row.  Carpels 
numerous,  on  a  fleshy  receptacle  which  becomes  red  when  ripe, 
and  is  called  the  fruit.  Leaves  palmately  compound  with  3 
toothed  leaflets.  Low  plants,  sending  out  running  stems 
that  root  and  form  new  plants. 

a.  F.  Chilen'sis  Ehr.     COAST  STRAWBERRY.      Leaves  thick,   deep 
green,  glossy  above,  hairy  beneath.     Flowers  white,  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter.    The  fruit  is  delicious,  and  the  akenes  are  in  depressions  on 
the  fleshy  receptacle.     This  usually  grows  on  sandy  hills  near  the 
sea  from  San  Francisco  to  Alaska. 

b.  F.  Califor'nica  Cham.  &  Schl.    WOOD  STRAWBERRY.     Leaves 
thin,  light  green,  slightly  hairy  on  both  sides.     Flowers  half  an  inch 
in  diameter.     Fruit  small,  with  the  akenes  on  the  surface  of  the 
receptacle,  not  in  depressions.     This  is  generally  found  on  wooded 
slopes  of  the  Coast  Mountains. 

XL    RU'BUS,  Raspberry 

Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  gen- 
erally conspicuous.  Stamens  numerous,  carpels  numerous  on 
a  conical  receptacle,  each  becoming  a  tiny,  round  stone  fruit. 
Leaves  simple  or  compound,  with  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petiole. 

a.  R.  Nutka'nus  Moc.     THIMBLE-BERRY,   SCOTCH  CAPS.      Erect 
shrub  with  large,  5-lobed  leaves,  which  have  gland-tipped  hairs  on 
the  veins  beneath  and  on  the  leafstalks.     Flowers  white  or  pale  rose- 
color,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter.     Fruit  red,  shaped  like  an  inverted 
saucer,  sweet  and  rather  dry.     From  middle  California  to  Alaska. 

b.  R.  specta'bilis    Pursh.    SALMON-BERRY.      Erect   shrubs   with 
leaves  generally  compound  with  3  leaflets,  the  veins  and  leafstalks 
somewhat  woolly.     Flowers  solitary,  crimson,  less  than   an  inch  in 
diameter.     Fruit  red  or  salmon-color,   thimble-shaped,  pleasant  to  the 
taste.     From  near  San  Francisco  to  Alaska. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  87 

c.  R.  vitifolius  Cham.  &  Schl.     BLACKBERRY.     Stems  trailing, 
very  prickly.    Leaves  compound  with  3-5  leaflets ;  the  veins  beneath, 
the   leafstalks,   peduncles,   and   sepals  prickly.     Flowers    white,    a 
half  inch  in  diameter.     Fruit  black  when  ripe,  oblong,  sweet.     Widely 
distributed. 

d.  R.  leucoder'mis  Dougl.     Shrub  with   ascending  and  recurved 
stems,  3-5  ft.   long,  pale  green,  prickly.     Leaves  with  3-4  leaflets, 
which  are  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  and  doubly  serrate,  pale  green  on  the 
lower  surface.     Flowers  few.     Sepals  narrowed  to  a  long  point,  sur- 
passing the  white  petals.     Fruit  black,  generally  covered  with  a  bloom. 
This  is  found  from  northern  California  to  Washington. 

XH.    RO'SA,  Wild  Rose 

Prickly  and  thorny  shrubs.  Leaves  pinnately  compound, 
leaflets  serrate,  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Receptacle 
globose,  contracted  at  the  throat.  Calyx  of  5  divisions,  with- 
out bractlets.  Petals  5,  rose-color.  Stamens  many,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  receptacle. 

a.  R.  Califor'nica  Cham.  &  Schl.     Stems  with  stout  recurved  thorns. 
Leaflets  2-3  pairs.     Flowers  in  corymbs  or  rarely  solitary.     Fruit 
generally  with  a  distinct  neck  beneath  the  spreading  calyx  lobes. 
This  is  widely  spread  throughout  California,  usually  growing  near 
streams. 

b.  R.   gymnocar'pa  Nutt.     REDWOOD   ROSE.     Slender  shrub  cov- 
ered with  numerous  straight  prickles.     Flowers  generally  solitary, 
less  than  an  inch  in  diameter.     Calyx  lobes  generally  falling  from 
the  fruit.     Pedicels,  petioles,  and  stipules  glandular.     This   dainty 
rose    grows   in   the   shade   of  trees  or  bushes,  usually  under  the 
redwoods. 

.   SUBORDER  III.  —  POME.® 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  stipules  not  attached  to  the  petiole. 
Carpels  2-5,  enclosed  in  and  attached  to  the  fleshy  recep- 
tacle, becoming  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  of  which  the  core  is  the 
ovary,  and  the  fleshy  part   the  receptacle   (pome).      Ovules 
.  2  in  each  cell. 

I.    AMELAN'CHIER,   Service  Berry,  June  Berry 

Shrub  or  small  tree  with  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  large, 
white,  in  racemes.  Ovary  5-celled,  becoming  a  part  of  the 


88  KEY   AND   FLORA 

berry-like    calyx,   each    cell  partially  divided   by    a  partition 
from  the  back,  1-seeded. 

A.  alnifolia  Nutt.  Leaves  rounded,  serrate  towards  the  apex. 
Petals  narrowly  oblong,  nearly  an  inch  in  length.  Fruit,  when 
ripe,  purplish,  edible.  Rather  widely  distributed  and  variable. 

II.    CRAT^E'GUS,  Thorn  Apple 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thorny  branches.  Leaves  simple, 
toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  white,  in  corymbs.  Calyx  tube 
urn-shaped,  with  a  5-parted  border.  Corolla  of  5  white, 
spreading  petals,  about  half  an  inch  long.  Stamens  5-20. 
Ovary  2-5-celled.  Fruit  containing  2  or  3  bony  seeds,  either 
separated  or  united. 

C.  Douglas'ii  Lindl.  Tree  10-25  ft.  high,  with  thorns  on  the 
stems  1  in.  long.  Leaves '  broadly  ovate,  l£-3  in.  long,  lobed  or 
cleft  and  finely  serrate.  '  Corymb  with  many  flowers.  Fruit  sweet 
and  insipid,  black.  This  blooms  in  the  spring  and  is  found  from 
northern  California  to  Washington. 


IH.    HETEROME'LES   (PHOTIN'IA),  Toyon',  Christmas  Berry 

Shrub  with  evergreen,  oblong,  serrate  leaves  and  minute 
stipules.  Flowers  white  in  close  panicles  at  the  ends  of  the 
branchlets,  fragrant  with  a  sweet,  sickening  odor.  Receptacle 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit  and  nearly  cover- 
ing the  2  carpels,  which  are  generally  1-seeded. 

H.  arbutifolia  Roemer,  Berries  scarlet  with  mealy  pulp,  slightly 
astringent,  but  edible.  In  bloom  chiefly  in  July  and  August;  in 
fruit  in  November  and  December.  Common  in  the  Coast  Moun- 
tains. 

IV.    PY'RUS  (MA'LUS),  Pear,  Apple 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  leaves  which  are  simple 
or  pinnately  compound,  serrate/-  Flowers  in  corymbs,  white 
or  pink.  Calyx  top-shaped  with  the  border  5-cleft/  Petals 
5,  spreading.  Stamens  20.  Styles  5,  more  or  less  united  at 
base.  Fruit  a  pome,  the  5  cartilaginous  carpels  forming  the 
core,  and  the  calyx  tube  becoming  a  fleshy  covering. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  89 

P.  rivula'ris  Dougl.  Tree  15-25  ft.  high.  Leaves  simple,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed,  1-3  in.  long,  sometimes  lobed  or  with 
sharp  teeth  on  the  margins.  Corymb  somewhat  like  a  raceme. 
Pedicels  slender,  1  in.  long.  Petals  orbicular,  white,  £  in.  long. 
Fruit  reddish  or  yellowish,  £  in.  k>ng.  This  is  found  from  northern 
California  to  Washington. 

V.    SORTBUS,  Mountain  Ash,  Rowan 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  large,  pinnately  compound,  with 
oblong,  serrate  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal, 
'compound  cymes.  Styles  distinct,  as  many  as  the  cells  of 
the  ovary.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  red  when  ripe, 
usually  containing  one  seed. 

S.  occidentalis  Greene.  Shrub  2-6  ft.  high,  smooth.  Leaflets 
3—5  pairs.  Cyme  small,  with  few  flowers.  Fruit  pear-shaped. 
This  grows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  chiefly  northward. 


LEGUMINO'SJE.     PULSE  FAMILY 

Ovary  1-celled;  fruit  a  legume  like  a  bean.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, compound,  with  stipules  (with  a  few  exceptions).  There 
are  three  subdivisions,  of  which  two  are  well  represented 
in  California. 

SUBORDER  I.  —  PAPLLIONACEJE,  PEA  FAMILY 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  often  somewhat 
irregular.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  papilionaceous,  banner,  keel, 
2  wings.  Stamens  10,  either  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or 
distinct.  Seeds  1  or  several,  without  endosperm. 

I.    THERMOP'SIS,  Golden  Pea 

Herb  with  spreading  underground  stems.  Leaflets  3, 
palmate,  with  stipules  almost  as  large.  Flowers  large,  yel- 
low, in  terminal  many-flowered  racemes  on  short  pedicels 
with  bracts.  Stamens  distinct  from,  each  other.  Legumes 
linear,  compressed. 


90  KEY  AND   FLORA 

a.  T.  Califor'nica  Wats.     Silky-tomentose.      Leaflets   an   inch  or 
two  long,   obovate  ;  stipules  ovate   or  lanceolate,   often  longer   than 
the  petioles.     Pods  1-2  in.  long,  erect  and  slightly  spreading,  with 
but   few   seeds  maturing.      This  is  the  common   species   in  Cali- 
fornia.    It  grows  among  the   hills  of  the  Coast  Mountains  where 
the  ground  is  wet  but  not  marshy,  and  blooms  in  spring. 

b.  T.  monta'na  Nutt.     Silky-hairy.     Leaflets  oblong,  1-3  in.  long ; 
stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  generally  longer  than  the  petioles.    Pods 
strictly  erect,    2-3  in.  long.     This  is  found  in   the   mountains    of 
Washington  and  Oregon.'    It  blooms  in  the  spring. 

H.    PICKERIN'GIA  (XYLOTHER'MIA) ,  Spiny  Chaparral,  Chaparral 
Pea,  Needle  Bush 

A  very  spiny  glaucous  shrub  with  small  evergreen  leaves. 
Leaflets  from  1  to  3,  without  stipules.  Flowers  large,  soli- 
tary, nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  of  a  rich  crimson 
color.  It  fruits  very  rarely. 

P.  monta'na  Nutt.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  is  the  most  diffi- 
cult chaparral  of  all  to  penetrate  because  of  its  stout  spines.  It  is 
found  on  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 


HI.    LUPFNUS,  Lupine,  Sun  Dial 

Calyx  generally  2-lipped.  Corolla  with  -broad  standard 
and  wings  united  above,  enclosing  the  incurved,  pointed  keel. 
Stamens  monadelphous  in  2  sets.  In  the  bud  one  set  has  long 
anthers,  the  others  are  shorter  and  tipped  with  a  yellow  ball. 
As  the  flower  develops^  the  ball-tipped  filaments  grow  longer 
and  push  the  pollen  up  to  the^top  of  the  keel,  from  which 
the  pistil  projects.  Leaves  palmately  compound,  with  the 
leaflets  folding  at  mid-day.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  sometimes  arranged  in  whorls 
on  the  peduncles.  The  flowers  are  generally  blue ;  but  white 
and  yellow-flowered  species  exist,  also  one  combining  yellow 
and  rose-color. 

a.  L.  Chamisso'nis  Esch.  Shrubby,  pale  green  from  the  close 
white  pubescence.  Leaflets  7-9,  silky  on  both  sides.  Flowers 
somewhat  whorled,  blue,  violet,  rarely  white.  This  is  variable,  and 
several  species  have  been  included  under  this  name;  but  they  are 
not  easily  denned.  Throughout  California. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  91 

6.  L.  arbo'reus  Sims.  Shrubby,  4-10  ft.  high.  Leaflets  7-11, 
generally  9.  Flowers  generally  yellow,  in  whorls,  fragrant.  This 
grows  on  sand-hills  along  the  coast,  where  it  is  abundant  and  very 
showy  in  summer. 

c.  L.  trunca'tus  Nutt.    Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branching  above, 
finely  pubescent,  becoming  smoothish.     Leaflets  5-7,   linear-wedge- 
shaped,  with  the  apex  obtuse,  truncate,  3-toothed  or  entire.    Flowers  small, 
deep  purple,  rather  scattered  on  the  elongating  raceme.     Pods  more 
than  an  inch  long.     Common  in  southern  California.     Spring. 

d.  L.   latifolius  Agardh.      Perennial,    stout,   branching,    2-4  ft. 
high,  leafy,  dark  green.     Leaflets  5-7,  oblanceolate,  1-2  in.  long. 
Racemes  long  on  slender  peduncles.     Flowers  rarely  whorled,  violet- 
blue,  turning  brownish  in  fading.    This  is  a  common  species  in  shady 
places  of  the  Coast  Mountains.     Spring. 

e.  L.  microcar'pus  Sims.     Annual,  with  many  spreading  branches 
from   near  the   base,  woolly  throughout.      Leaflets  9,  1  in.  long  or 
more,  narrowly  obovate.     Racemes  containing  many  whorls  of  pur- 
plish flowers  and  persistent  bracts.     Peduncles  short,  stout,  some- 
what succulent,  often  horizontal,  and  with  the  whorls  turned  to  the 
upper  side.     Flowers  rather  large,  on  short  pedicels.     Pods  thick, 
2-seeded.     This  is  common  throughout  California. 

/.  L.  densiflo'ms  Benth.  This  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding, 
but  is  stouter  and  more  spreading,  less  hairy,  with  the  racemes  on 
long  peduncles  and  the  flowers  ivhite  or  yellowish,  rarely  rose-color. 
This  also  is  common  and  widely  distributed. 

(There  are  many  other  species  not  'so  readily  recognized 
from  descriptions,  and  many  of  them  are  quite  local.) 

IV.    TRIFO'LIUM,  Clover 

Low  herbs  with  palmately  compound  leaves  of  3  leaflets, 
stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  close  head-like 
clusters  on  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  with  5,  nearly  equal 
teeth.  Petals  with  claws  attached  to  the  tube  of  the  fila- 
ments. Stamens  usually  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Legumes 
small,  from  1  to  6  seeded,  usually  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  The 
species  are  numerous  and  difficult. 

V.    MELILO'TUS,  Sweet  Clover 

Leaves  pinnately  compound  of  3  toothed  leaflets.  Flowers 
small,  in  slender  racemes.  Legumes  roundish,  1  or  2  seeded. 


92  KEY   AND   FLORA 

The   entire   plant  is  very  fragrant.      The   two   species    are 
introduced. 

a.  M.  Ind'ica  Allioni.     Flowers  yellow,  common. 

b.  M.  al'ba  Lam.     Flowers  white.     Less  common. 

VI.    MEDICA'GO,  Bur  Clover,  Alfalfa 

Leaves  pinnately  compound,  of  3  leaflets.  Flowers  in  small 
clusters  or  racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Legumes  curved 
or  curled  like  a  screw.  The  species  are  introduced  and  are 
valuable  as  fodder. 

a.  M.  denticula'ta  Willd.    BUR  CLOVER.  .  Annual,  low,  with  stems 
spreading    on    the    ground,    smooth    throughout.       Flowers    small, 
yellow.     Pod  coiled,  armed  with  a  double  row  of  prickles.     Common. 

b.  M.    sati'va  L.    Alfalfa,    Lucerne.      Perennial,    erect,    smooth. 
Flowers   violet    in    a   close   raceme.      Pod   spirally   coiled,    without 
prickles.     Usually  escaped  from  cultivation. 

c.  M.  apicula'ta  Willd.     This  is  similar  in  appearance  to  M.  den- 
ticulata,  but  the  pods  have  the  margins  rough  with  fine  tubercles  instead 
of  with  hooked  prickles,  and  the  whole  surface  veiny.     In  some  places 
this  is  more  common  than  M.  denticulata. 


VII.    HOSACK'IA  (LOTUS) 

Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Petals  with  long  claws, 
free  from  the  stamens.  Leaves  pinnately  compound  with 
from  2  to  many  leaflets.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels,  ses- 
sile or  on  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Legumes 
linear,  sessile,  somewhat  compressed  between  the  seeds. 

a.  H.  Purshia'na  Beath.     Annual,  erect  or  spreading  loosely  over 
the  ground,  with  numerous  slender  branches,  soft  woolly  through- 
out.    Leaflets   generally    3    on  a  linear   rhachis.     Flowers  solitary, 
salmon-color,  axillary  on  slender  peduncles   which  are  longer  than   the 
leaves,  with  a  single  leaflet  below  the  flower.     Legumes  from  1  to  1£ 
in.  long.     This  is  common,  blooming  in  the  summer  and  autumn. 
Widely  distributed. 

b.  H.  subpinna'ta  T.  &  G.     Stems  low,  spreading  or  erect,  smooth 
or  woolly.     Leaflets  small,  3-5,  on  a  dilated  rhachis :  stipules  gland- 
like.     Flowers  small,   nearly   or  quite  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils,  ivithout 
bracts.      Pod  £  in.  or  more  in  length  with  about  5  seeds.     From 
Santa  Barbara  to  Washington,  common,. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  93 

c.  H.  parviflo'ra   Benth.     Annual,   with   slender,    smooth   stems. 
Leaflets  3-5.     Flowers  very  small,  yellow,  but  becoming  red  with  age ; 
peduncles    thread-like,   each   with   a   1-3-leaved   bract.      Pods    linear, 
contracted  between  the  seeds;  these  5-7.      This  is  common  from 
middle  California  to  British  Columbia.     Spring. 

d.  H.  gra'cilis  Benth.     Perennial   with  slender    stems,    generally 
spreading  over  the  ground  and  growing  in  wet  places.      Leaflets 
5-7 ;    stipules  thin.     Umbels  with  8-10  flowers  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  with   a  3-leaved  bract.     Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube.     Corolla  with  yellow  banner,  rose-red  wings  and  keel.    Pods  long 
and  straight.     This  is  the  most  beautiful  species,  and  it  is  found 
from  Monterey  to  Washington. 

e.  H.  bi'color  Dougl.     Perennial  with  smooth,  erect,  rather  stout 
stems.    Leaflets  5-7,  obovate  or  oblong;  stipules  papery,  rather  large. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;   umbel  of  3-7  flowers,  with  or 
without  a  bract.     Flowers  nearly  sessile,  yellow,  or  with  white  wings. 
Calyx  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  tube.     This  grows  in  wet  ground 
and  is  found  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Washington. 

f.  H.    gla'bra  Torr.     Somewhat  shrubby,  with  many  nearly  smooth, 
erect,  or  decumbent  stems  from  the  root.     Leaves  few,  with   3   small 
leaflets.      Umbels  numerous,  sessile  along  the  stem,  consisting  of  many 
yellow  flowers  that  become  reddish.     Legumes  curved  and  tipped  with 
the  long  style.    This  is  common  ail  cver  the  state,  and  in  bloom  at  all 
seasons.     There  are  many  other  species  more  difficult  to  distinguish. 

Vm.     PSORA'LEA 

Ill-scented  herbs  covered  ivith  dark,  glandular  dots.  Leaves 
with  3-5  leaflets  and  stipules  free  from  the  petiole.  Flowers 
white  or  purplish  in  axillary  spikes  or  racemes,  ivith  thin 
bracts  that  soon  wither  and  fall.  Legumes  sessile,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent. 

a.  P.  orbicula'ris  Lindl.     Stems  running  along  the  ground  in  swampy 
places,  bearing  leaves  and  spikes  of  flowers  on  petioles  and  peduncles  a 
foot  or  more  long.     Leaflets  large,  round.     Flowers  large,  purple,  in 
close,  woolly  spikes.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).     Throughout 
California. 

b.  P.  macrosta'chya  DC.      Stems   usually  very  tall,  6  ft.   or   even 
more.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.    Peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Spikes   silky-woolly,    with    blackish    hairs   on   the   calyx.      Bracts 
broad.     Corolla   purple.      The    tenth   stamen   almost  free.     Legumes 
woolly.     Throughout  California,  along  streams. 

c.  P.  physo'des  Dougl.      Generally  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  several 
stems   spreading  from   the    base.      Flowers  in    short,    close  racemes. 


94  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Calyx  becoming  slightly  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  yellowish  while, 
tinged  with  purple.  Stamens  monadelphous.  In  the  Coast  Moun- 
tains from  Monterey  County  to  Puget  Sound. 

IX.    ASTRAG'ALUS,  Rattleweed,  Loco-weed 

Herbs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  leaflets. 
Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  on  axillary  peduncles.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Keel  of  the  corolla  blunt  at  tip. 
Legumes  numerous,  more  or  less  2-celled  by  one  or  both  sutures 
projecting  inwards,  often  inflated  like  a  bladder  so  as  to  secure 
dispersion  of  the  seed  by  the  wind.  Several  species  are  poison- 
ous to  cattle  and  sheep.  Almost  all  are  perennials.  The 
species  are  numerous  and  too  difficult  for  beginners. 

X.    VIC'IA,  Vetch 

Vines,  with  the  leaves  terminating  in  tendrils.  Stipules  semi- 
sagittate.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  axillary  racemes.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous.  Stigma  a  round  hairy  ball  at  the  tip  of  the 
slender  style.  Legumes  similar  to  those  of  the  common  pea. 

a-  V.  gigante'a  Hook.  Perennials,  stout,  climbing  high  over  the 
bushes.  Leaflets  from  10  to  1 5  pairs.  Corollas  reddish  or  dirty  white, 
turning  brown.  Pods  becoming  black  when  ripe,  each  seed  encircled  by  its 
stalk.  This  is  common  in  moist  places  from  San  Francisco  northward. 

b.  V.  America'na  Muhl.  PEA  VINE.  Perennial,  generally  low. 
Leaflets  from  4  to  8  pairs,  linear,  generally  truncate  or  toothed  at 
apex.  Flowers  bluish,  in  few-flowered  racemes.  Legumes  smooth. 
Seeds  3-6,  dark  purple.  Widely  distributed. 

XI.    LATH'YRUS,  Wild  Pea 

This  is  similar  to  Vicia,  except  that  the  tendrils  are  absent 
in  some  species,  the  flowers  are  larger,  the  leaflets  broader, 
and,  most  important,  the  style  is  hairy  not  only  at  the  tip, 
but  also  down  the  inner  side. 

The  species  are  difficult  to  distinguish. 

SUBORDER  II.  —  CJESALPIN'E.® 

Flowers  more  or  less  irregular.  Corolla  not  truly  papilio- 
naceous, with  the  petal  that  answers  to  the  standard  folded 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  95 

within  those  on  the   side.     Stamens  10  or  fewer,  distinct 
Seeds  sometimes  with  endosperm. 

CER'CIS,  Red-bud,  Judas-tree 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  blooming  before  the  leaves  appear. 
Leaves  cordate  to  kidney-shaped,  entire,  palrnately  veined. 
Flowers  bright  rose-color,  in  axillary  clusters,  numerous  on  the 
leafless  stems.  Petals  5,  the  standard  enclosed  by  the  wings. 
Pod  large,  flat  and  thin,  turning  purplish. 

C.  occidenta'lis  Torr.  This  is  the  only  native  species  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  It  is  most  beautiful  along  mountain  streams  through- 
out California,  but  not  near  the  seacoast. 

SUBORDER  TIL  —  MIMO'SEJE 

Flowers  regular,  small,  and  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads. 
Calyx  and  corolla  of  4  or  5  divisions.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  numerous,  inserted  on  the 

receptacle. 

ACA'CIA 

Flowers  small,  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads.  Stamens  very 
numerous.  Flowers  usually  yellow  (rarely  rose-color). 

Leaves  various,  naturally  pinnately  compound,  but  in  many 
Australian  species  reduced  to  a  petiole  flattened  and  broad- 
ened like  a  leaf  (phyllodia).  On  young  plants  the  gradations 
between  the  compound  leaf  and  the  simple  phyllodia  can 
often  be  seen. 

GERANIA'CE-flS.     GERANIUM  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  pungent,  acid,  or  aromatic  juice.  Sepals  and 
petals  5.  Stamens  5  or  10. 

The  fruit  consists  of  5  distinct  carpels  around  a  central 
column,  or  is  a  5-10-valved  capsule  splitting  so  as  to  shoot 

out  the  seeds. 

I.    GERA'NIUM,  Crane's  Bill 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  large  joints  and  palmately 
lobed  leaves,  stipules  papery.  Style  5-lobed  at  the  summit. 


96  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Fruit  of  5  carpels,  which  separate  when  ripe  from,  the  axis, 
each  one  with  a  long,  beardless  tail,  which  curls  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  axis  to  the  summit.  Most  of  the  plants  cultivated 
as  geraniums  belong  to  the  genus  Pelargonium. 

a.  G.  inci'sum  Nutt.    Perennial,  with  branching,  leafy  stems,  with 
glandular  and  hairy  pubescence.     Flowers  large,  axillary,  on  pedicels 
that  are  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit.     Petals  purple,  woolty  on  the 
inner   surface.     Filaments  woolly.      Fruit   with    the  beak  glandular. 
Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  extending  to  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon.     It  blooms  in  spring  and  summer. 

b.  G.  Richardsonl!  F.  &  M.     This  is  somewhat  similar  to  the 
preceding,  and  like  it,  is  perennial.     The    stems   are   taller,  more 
slender,  and  weaker.     The  flowers  are  smaller,  and  always  white, 
though  there  may  be  pink  veins  on  the  petals.     It  grows  in  wet 
places  in  the  mountains  at  rather  high  elevations. 

c.  G.  Carolinia'num  L.     Annual,  with  spreading  stems,  and  gray, 
somewhat    glandular    pubescence.     Flowers  and  leaves   closely  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  branchlets,  the  former  small,  rose-color,  the  latter 
orbicular  in  outline,  but  cut  into  several  divisions.      Carpels  covered 
with  black  hairs,  beak  woolly  or  glandular.     Common  and  widely 
distributed. 

d.  G.  dissec'tum  L.     Greener   than  the  preceding,   and   with  the 
leaves  cut  into  narrower  and  more  numerous  divisions.     Stems  weak, 
often    supported    on  other  plants,  and  frequently  growing   in  wet 
places.     Common,  introduced. 


H.    ERO'DIUM,  Alfilerilla,  Filaree' 

This  is  similar  to  Geranium;  but  the  filaments  are  broader, 
and  those  opposite  the  petals  are  without  anthers,  the  tails 
of  the  carpels  are  bearded  on  the  inner  side,  and  when  they 
break  away  from  the  axis  they  form  a  spiral.  The  flowers 
are  usually  in  umbels  with  an  involucre  of  4  bracts,  and  the 
petals  are  small  and  fall  easily. 

a.  E.  cicuta'rium  L'Her.  RED-STEMMED  FILAREE.  Leaves  form- 
ing a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  compound  with  many  leaflets, 
which  are  cut  into  numerous,  narrow,  acute  lobes ;  the  stem  leaves 
are  small,  and  shorter  than  the  peduncles.  Flowers  rose-purple, 
4-8  in  an  umbel.  The  axis  on  which  the  carpels  are  arranged  is 
from  1  to  2  in.  long.  This  is  the  commonest  and  most  valued 
"filaree." 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  97 

b.  E.  moscha'tum  L'Her.    GREEN-STEMMED  FILAREE.     This   has 
a  faint  odor  of  musk.     The  root  leaves  form  a  cluster,  but  are  larger 
and  coarser  than  the  preceding,  and  erect,  often  a  foot  long.     The 
leaflets  are  doubly  serrate.     This  always  has  a  greener  and  more 
luxuriant  appearance  than  the  preceding.     Widely  distributed. 

c.  E.  Bo'trys  Bert.     Stems  short,  depressed.     Leaves  in  a  rosette, 
reddish  and    shining,  oblong  in   outline  with  coarsely-toothed  seg- 
ments.    Petals  lilac-purple,  longer  than  the  calyx,  forming  a  bell- 
shaped   corolla.     Carpels  with   beaks  2-4  in.  long.     This  gives  a 
reddish  color  to  the  hills  along  the  seaboard  in  early  spring.     The 
long  beaks  of  the  akenes  are  conspicuous  later.     It  is  introduced, 
and  likely  to  be  found  everywhere  along  the  coast. 

d.  E.  macrophyrium  H.  &  A.     Stems  very  short,  glandular-hairy 
above.     Leaves  kidney-shaped,  crenate-serrate.     Petals  white,  as  long 
as  the  sepals.     This  is  found  chiefly  in  clayey  soil,  and  is  widely 
distributed. 

m.    LIMNANTHES,  Meadow  Foam 

Smooth,  succulent  annuals  with  pungent  juice.  Leaves 
alternate,  without  stipules,  pinnately  cleft.  Flowers  showy, 
solitary,  on  axillary  peduncles,  white,  yellowish,  or  rose- 
color.  Petals  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10.  Carpels 
at  first  fleshy,  becoming  hard  and  wrinkled,  separating  from 

the  short  axis.     This  grows  always  in  wet  places. 

« 

a.  L.    Douglas'ii  R.  Brown.     Stems  very   smooth,  brittle,  much 
branched.     Peduncles  2-4  in.  long.     Sepals  lanceolate,  petals  twice 
as  long,  yellow,  white,  or  of  both  colors,  obovate,  emarginate.     This 
beautiful    plant   sometimes   covers   large   areas   in   wet    meadows. 
Throughout  California. 

b.  L.  ro'sea   Hartw.     Leaves   with   narrow  linear  lobes;   flowers 
white,  turning   rose-color.     This  is  found  in  the  great  valleys  of 
California. 

c.  L.    al'ba   Hartw.     Short  and  stout,    with   the   leaf   segments 
broad,    short,    3-lobed.     Petals   white,  not   much   longer  than   the 
densely  woolly  sepals.     Northern  California. 

IV,    OX'ALIS,  Wood  Sorrel 

Low  herbs  with  acid  juice,  often  without  a  stem.  Leaves 
compound  with  3  obcordate  leaflets,  like  clover.  Stamens  10, 
with  filaments  dilated  and  united  at  the  base.  Capsule 
beaked  with  the  short  style,  5-celled  with  the  valves  remain- 
ing attached  to  the  axis  by  the  partitions. 


98  KEY   AND   FLORA 

«.  0.  Orega'na  Nutt.  WOOD  SORREL.  Perennial  herbs  forming 
mats,  with  slender  rootstocks  from  which  arise  the  leaves  and  flow- 
ering stems.  Leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  rusty  underneath.  Scapes 
usually  1 -flowered,  with  2  bracts  near  the  flower.  Petals  nearly  an 
inch  long,  pink,  white,  or  rose-color  with  darker  veins.  This  is  common 
in  the  redwood  forests  of  the  coast,  north  to  Washington. 

b.  0.  cornicula'ta  L.  YELLOW  SORREL.  This  also  often  forms  mats 
with  slender  prostrate  stems.  Leaflets  deeply  obcordate.  Peduncles 
bearing  2  or  more  flowers  with  yellow  petals.  The  reddish-leaved,  yel- 
low-flowered sorrel,  which  is  a  common  weed  in  the  streets  and 
gardens,  is  a  variety  of  this  species. 

LINA'CEJE.     FLAX  FAMILY 

Flowers  with  all  parts  5,  except  the  pistil.  Sepals  per- 
sistent, imbricated.  Petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  falling 
soon.  Each  division  of  the  ovary  contains  a  pair  of  seeds. 

LFNUM,  Flax 

Herbs  with  tough  fibers  in  the  bark.  Leaves  sessile,  entire. 
Styles  2-5.  Ovary  globose,  with  as  many  true  cells  as  styles, 
each  cell  partially  separated  into  two  false  cells.  'The  cap- 
sule splfts  through  the  false  and  true  partitions,  each,  half 
cell  containing  one  seed.  The  species  are  rather  local  and 
with  one  exception  small-flowered. 

L.  Lewis'ii  Pursh.  Perennial,  with  erect,  leafy  stems,  smooth 
and  bluish  green.  Leaves  generally  linear,  an  inch  or  less  long, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  azure  blue,  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter, 
in  racemes  or  corymbs  on  elongating  pedicels.  Pod  longer  than 
the  calyx,  10-celled  and  10-valved,  with  the  valves  widely  spreading 
when  ripe.  Common  and  widely  distributed,  blooming  in  spring 
and  summer. 

The  introduced  flax,  L.  usitatis'simuni  L.,  is  somewhat  similar, 
but  is  an  annual.  There  are  many  small-flowered,  annual  species 
in  California,  but  they  are  difficult  to  distinguish  and  are  more  or 
less  local. 

POLYGALA'CEJE.     POLYGALA  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  simple,  entire  leaves  without  stipules. 
Flowers  superficially  resembling  a  pea  blossom.  Stamens 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  99 

united   into  one  or  two  sets,  adnate  to  the  petals;  anthers 
1-celled,  opening  at  the  top. 

POLYG'ALA 

Sepals  5,  two  of  them  large  and  spreading  like  wings. 
Petals  3,  united  to  each  other  and  to  the  stamen  tube,  the 
middle  one  forming  a  hood.  Stamens  6-8,  with  filaments 
united  into  a  tube,  split  down  one  side.  Pod  notched,  flat- 
tened contrary  to  the  partition,  2-celled,  with  one  seed  in 
each  cell. 

a.  P.    cornu'ta   Kellogg.      Low   shrub    with   slender   stems   and 
branches,   1-6  ft.  high.     Leaves  oval,   obtuse,  on  very  short  peti- 
oles.    Flowers  greenish  white  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  short  racemes. 
Outer  sepals  usually  finely  tomentose.      Petals  shorter  than  the  keel, 
which  is  tipped  with  a  straight  beak.     Pod  orbicular  with  the  apex 
notched.    This  grows  in  the  pine  woods  through  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

b.  P.  Califor'nica  Nutt.     Low  perennial  with  slender,  woody  stems 
rising  2-8  ft.  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 
Sepals  nearly  smooth.     Petals  purple,  with  the  wings  longer  than 
the  keel,  which  has  a  recurved  beak.      The  fruit  is  chiefly  from  Jiowers 
without  petals  near  the  root.    The  pod  is  smooth  and  almost  orbicular. 
This  is  common  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of  California  and  extends 
to  Oregon. 

EUPHORBIA'CE^aS.     SPURGE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  milky  juice  which  is  sometimes  poisonous. 
Leaves  simple  with  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious, naked  or  apetalous.  Stamens  1  to  many.  Pistil  1, 
with  a  3-lobed  ovary  and  6  styles  or  stigmas.  Pod  dehiscing 
with  an  elastic  movement  that  scatters  the  seeds,  leaving 
the  axis. 

I.    EUPHOR'BIA,  Spurge,  Milkweed 

Flowers  monoecious,  both  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate 
included  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre  which  might  be  mistaken 
for  a  calyx.'  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  each  of  a  single 
stamen  on  a  short,  jointed  pedicel  with  a  tiny  bract  at  base. 
Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  hanging  on  a  long  pedicel  from  the 
center  of  the  involucre.  Ovary  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell ; 


100  KEY  AND  FLORA 

styles  3,  each  with  2  stigmas.  Involucre  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
alternating  with  crescent-shaped  or  colored  and  petal-like 
glands. 

a.  E.  albomargina'ta  Ton.  &  Gray.     Stems  numerous,  forming  a 
prostrate    mat.      Leaves   small,  almost   round,   cordate  with  a  narrow 
whitish  edge.     Stipules  united  into  a  triangular,  white,  membranous 
scale.    Glands  of  the  involucre  4,  brownish  orange  with  white  or  rose- 
color,  petal-like  appendages  with  entire  margins.     Seeds  4-angled. 
This  grows  in  southern  California. 

b.  E.    serpyllifo'lia    Pers.     Annual   with   prostrate   or    ascending 
sterns,  smooth.     Leaves  with  the  base  unequal,  oblong,  1-6^  in.  long, 
the   margins  with  some  very  fine   teeth.       Stipules   bristle-like    or 
ragged.     Involucres  generally  solitary.     Seeds  4-angled,  somewhat 
pitted.     The  glands  are  small  and  the  margins  narrow,  whitish,  cre- 
nate.     This  is  widely  distributed  and  is  often  found  along  roads 
and   railroad    tracks.       It .  blooms    in    summer    and   turns   reddish 
towards  fall. 

c.  E.  crenula'ta  Engelm.     Annual  or  biennial,  erect  with  one  or 
several  leafy  stems  from  the  root,  generally  branching  above  with 
2-forked  branches.     Leaves   about  an  inch  long,  spatulate.     Invo- 
lucres with  crescent-shaped  glands  and  no  petal-like  appendages.     Seeds 
gray,  covered  with    dark-colored   pits.     This  blooms   early  and  is 
widely  spread. 

H.    EREMOCAR'PUS,  Turkey  Mullein,  Yerba  del  Pescado 

Stems  branched  from  the  base,  prostrate,  forming  a  mat. 
Flowers  monoecious,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
without  an  involucre.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5  or 
6  parted  perianth  ;  pistillate  flowers,  naked.  Capsule  1-celled 
and  1-seeded. 

E.  setig'erus  Benth.  Grayish  green,  covered  with  white  hairs 
and  a  stellate  pubescence.  Leaves  3-nerved,  ovate,  obtuse,  round 
at  base,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  inconspicuous.  This  is  called 
"turkey  mullein"  because  turkeys  are  fond  of  the  seeds.  The 
name  given  by  the  early  settlers  is  "  yerba  del  pescado"  because 
it  was  used  by  the  Indians  in  catching  fish.  The  effect  of  the 
leaves  thrown  into  a  fish  stream  is  to  stupefy  the  fish  so  that  they 
can  be  caught  by  hand.  Common  in  middle  California  and  inclined 
to  cover  waste  places.  Summer  and  fall. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS 


ANACARDIA'CE^.     POISON  OAK  FAMILY 


101 


Shrubs  or  trees  with  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules, 
either  simple  or  compound.  Flowers  small,  regular.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  disk.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled.  Styles  often  3.  Fruit  a  small  drupe. 

RHUS,  Sumac,  Poison  Oak 

Sepals  and  petals  (4-9)  generally  5.  Stamens  as  many 
or  twice  as  many.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  often  mixed  in 
the  clusters.  Only  the  first  species  is  poisonous. 

a.  R.    diversuVba   T.    &   G.     POISON  OAK.     Stems   shrubby  or 
climbing  by   rootlets.      Leaves,  compound   with  3  lea/lets,   which    are 
3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed  or  entire.     Flowers  yellowish  white,  fra- 
grant, iu  loose  panicles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.     Fruit  a  round, 
white,  nerved,  smooth  berry.     This  is  most  poisonous  in  the  spring. 
It  generally  forms  thickets.     The  foliage  turns  red  in  the  fall. 

b.  R.  triloba'ta  Nutt.     SQUAW  BUSH,  INDIAN  LEMONADE.     An 
aromatic  shrub  with  numerous,  spreading  branches.     Leaves  some- 
what variable,  with  3  leaflets,  the  middle  one  3-lobed  and  toothed, 
much  larger  than  the  2   side  leaflets,  which   are  generally  simple 
and   crenate.      Flowers   greenish,   in  short  spikes,  which  precede  the 
leaves.     Fruit  a  red  berry,  pleasantly  acid.     Seeds  white  and  smooth. 
Widely  distributed,  but  not  especially  common. 

c.  R.  integrifo'lia  Benth.  &  Hook.     Shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves 
many,  evergreen,  thick,  oval,  entire  or  with  spiny  teeth,  dark  green 
and  glossy  above,  sometimes  compound.     Flowers  rose-color,  in  clus- 
tered spikes-.     Fruit  covered  with  an  acid,  viscid  coat;  the  berry  about 
§  in.  long.     This  is  found  in  southern  California  near  the  sea. 

d.  R.  ova'ta  Wats.     Similar  to  the  above,  but  with  larger,  thin- 
ner leaves,  which  are  ovate  or  almost  heart-shaped ;  fruit  having  the 
viscid  coat  crusted  with  a  white  powder.     This  is  found  in  the  moun- 
tains of  southern  California. 

c.  R.  lauri'na  Nutt.  Shrub  with  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  leaves 
on  rather  long  petioles.  Flowers  many  in  a  terminal  panicle,  small, 
white.  Fruit  smooth,  whitish,  beaked  by  a  stout  style.  This  grows  in 
southern  California  near  the  coast. 

Schi'nus  molle  L.  PEPPER  TREE.  This  is  extensively  cultivated. 
It  is  an  evergreen  tree,  with  graceful,  drooping  branches  and  com- 
pound leaves,  with  20  or  more  pairs  of  narrow  leaflets.  The  flowers 


102  KEY"  ANB   FLORA 

are  small,  dioecious,  in  large  panicles,  with  5  greenish  petals  and  10 
stamens.  The  fruit  consists  of  numerous  pungent  rose-color  drupes 
as  large  as  dry  peas. 

SAPINDA'CE^  (including  BUCKEYE  and  MAPLE) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  deciduous  simple  or  compound  leaves 
without  stipules.  Sepals  5,  often  irregular,  and  more  or  less 
united.  Petals  alternate  with  the  sepals  or  wanting.  Stamens 
more  than  5.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  often  only 
one  maturing. 

I.    ^ES'CULUS,  Buckeye 

Leaves  opposite,  palmately  compound,  of  5-9  leaflets. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color,  in  a  panicle  nearly  a  foot 
long;  very  few  are  fertile,  the  majority  being  staminate. 
Calyx  tubular.  Petals  4  or  5,  with  long  claws.  Ovules  6, 
2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary ;  but  generally  only  one  ripening, 
becoming  a  large  chestnut-like  seed  which  is  covered  with  the 
three  leathery  valves  of  the  capsule.  The  abortive  seeds  can 
all  be  seen  within  the  capsule. 

IE.  Calif or'nica  Nutt.  This  is  a  low-spreading  tree  or,  rarely,  a  shrub. 
The  leaves  fall  very  early,  leaving  the  pods  hanging  on  long,  naked 
peduncles.  Rather  widely  distributed  through  middle  California. 

H.    A'CER,  Maple 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  deciduous  palmately  lobed  leaves. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  inserted  with  the  sta- 
mens on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  fruit  of  2,  winged  carpels. 

a.  A.  macrophyrium  Pursh.    LARGE-LEAVED  MAPLE.    This  grows 
to  be  a  large  tree  with  leaves  from  6  in.  to  nearly  a  foot  broad. 
Flowers    yellowish,    fragrant,    in  drooping   racemes.       Fruit    densely 
hairy,  with  wings  obliquely  spreading.     This  grows  along  streams. 
From  Santa  Barbara  to  British  Columbia. 

b.  A.  circina'tum  Pursh.    VINE  MAPLE.    Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
trailing  stems  that  strike  root  where  they  touch  the  ground,  forming 
thickets.  Flowers  in  loose,  umbel-like  corymbs.  Fruit  smooth,  with  wings 
horizontally  spreading.     Northern  California  to  British  Columbia. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  103 


m.    NEGUN'DO,   Box  Elder 

A  small  tree,  with  leaves  pinnately  compound  with  3  leaf- 
lets. Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous.  Staminate  flowers  in 
umbels  with  very  slender  pedicels.  Fertile  flowers  in  droop- 
ing racemes.  Fruit  of  2,  winged  carpels  with  wings  almost 
parallel. 

N.  Califor'nicum  Torr.  &  Gray.  This  grows  along  streams  in  the 
Coast  Mountains,  but  is  not  very  abundant. 


RHAMNA'CE^E.     BUCKTHORN  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  leaves  and  small  flowers. 
Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 
Ovary  with  from  2  to  4  cells.  Stigmas  with  as  many  lobes 
as  there  are  cells  to  the  ovary.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cell. 

I.    RHAM'NUS,  Coffee  Berry,  Cascara  Sagrada 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules  that  soon  fall.  Calyx  tube 
urn-shaped  with  a  4  or  5  cleft  margin.  Petals  very  small  or 
none.  Ovary  a  drupe  containing  2  or  3  stones. 

a.  R.  cro'cea  Nutt.     Leaves  evergreen,  almost  orbicular,  small,  shin- 
ing above,  inclined  to  be  yellow  beneath,  sharply  toothed.     Flowers  with 
the  parts  in  fours.     Berries  red.     Throughout  California. 

b.  R.  Califor'nica  Esch.     Leaves  evergreen,  1-4  in.  long,  £-2  in. 
wide,  elliptical,    denticulate,  or  nearly  entire.      Fruit  black-purple, 
2-seeded.     Throughout  California. 

c.  R.  Purshia'na  DC.     This  sometimes  becomes  a  tree.     Leaves 
deciduous,  elliptical,  pubescent  beneath,  2-7  in.  long,  1-3  in.  wide. 
Petals  cleft  at  the  apex.     Fruit  black,  3-seeded.     This  is  more  com- 
mon in  northern  California  and  extends  to  British  Columbia. 


H.    CEANO'THUS,  California  Lilac 

Trees,  or  more  often  shrubs,  with  small,  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  blue  or  white,  in.  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
bell-shaped,  with  colored  margin.  Petals  with  a  small  claw, 
the  blade  forming  a  hood.  Ovary  half  immersed  in  the  disk, 


104  KEY  AND  FLORA 

style  3-cleft.  Fruit  a  3-seeded  capsule  embraced  at  the  base 
by  the  calyx  tube,  dehiscent  from  the  junction  of  the  3  cells 
with  elasticity  sufficient  to  scatter  the  hard  nutlets. 

a.  C.  thyrsiflo'rus  Esch.     BLUE-BLOSSOMS.     A  tall  shrub  or  tree 
with  small  alternate  leaves,  3-nerved  from  the  base.     Flowers  dense 
in  numerous,  compound  racemes,  often  forming  a  thyrse,  light  blue,  very 
fragrant.     This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  plants  when  in  bloom. 
It  frequently  covers  places  where  the  redwoods  have  been  cut  and 
burned.     From  Monterey  County  northward. 

b.  C.  veluti'nus  Dougl.     This  is  a  stout,  diffusely  branched  shrub. 
Leaves  alternate,  large,  thick,  resinous,  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface, 
aromatic,  strongly  ribbed  from  the  base.    Flowers  white,  in  loose  clusters 
on  short  peduncles.     Common  in  northern  California  and  Oregon. 

c.  C.  integer'rimus  H.  &  A.     Tall,  erect  shrub  without  spines. 
Leaves   alternate,  3-nerved,   ovate,   soft-hairy  on  both  surfaces,  on 
short  petioles.     Flowers  white  or  blue  in  slender  panicles.     Pods  nearly 
smooth  with  the  crests  on  the  sides.     Through  California  in  the  moun- 
tains, to  Washington.     In  some  places  it  is  known  as  red-root. 

d.  C.    divarica'tus  Nutt.       Tall   shrub   with    olive    or    bluish-green 
branchlets.     Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  3-nerved,  colored  like  the  twigs 
but  with  the  upper  surface  darker.    Flowers  pale  blue,  in  ample  pani- 
cles.     Pods  smooth,  scarcely  crested.     The  stems  are  rigid  and  fre- 
quently spiny.     This  is  common  in  southern  California. 

e.  C.  inca'nus  T.  &  G.     Shrub  with  stiff,  spiny,  diffusely  branched 
stems.    Leaves  alternate,  large,  elliptical  to  ovate,  pale  green,  l-2£  in. 
long.     Flowers  in  short,  dense,  axillary  clusters,  frequently  forming 
a  thyrse.      Pod  very  resinous,  lobed  at  top.     This  is  found  in  the 
Coast  Mountains  of  middle  California. 

f.  C.  cordula'tus   Kellogg.      SNOW-BUSH.     Low  shrubs,  generally 
with  flat    tops ;  stems  with  spreading   branches   gray  or   glaucous. 
Leaves  alternate,  elliptical  to  orbicular,  generally  obtuse  at  base,  den- 
ticulate at  apex,  pale  gray-green  on  the  lower  side,  darker  above. 
Flowers  white,  small,  in  numerous  small  clusters  all  over  the  stems. 
Capsules  smooth,  slightly  crested.     This  forms  thickets  in  the  moun- 
tains of  California  and  Oregon. 

g.  C.    folio'sus   Parry.       Low   shrub   with    declined    or    trailing 
branches.     Leaves   alternate,   small,  with  glandular,  revolute    margins. 
Flowers  dark  blue  or  rarely  white,  in  small,  numerous  clusters  all 
over  the  stems.      This  blooms  profusely  soon  after  the  rains  and  is 
in  bloom  almost  continually.     Common  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

h.  C.  soredia'tus  H.  &  A.  Erect  shrub,  becoming  tree-like,  with 
spreading,  rigid  branches,  somewhat  thorny.  Leaves  alternate,  ellip- 
tical, glandular  on  the  margins,  gray -green  on  the  lower  surface,  darker 
above.  Flowers  deep  blue,  small,  in  very  numerous,  small,  oblong 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  105 

clusters.  This  is  found  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  and  is  a  most 
beautiful  sight  in  full  bloom. 

i.  C.  cunea'tus  Nutt.  Widely  foanched  with  rigid  branchlets.  Leaves 
opposite,  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped,  on  very  short  petioles,  paler  on  the 
lower  surface  in  lines.  Flowers  in  small  umbels  which  are  close 
togetluer  on  the  branches,  white  or  lavender.  Pods  with  3  erect 
horns  or  crests.  This  is  common  throughout  California  to  Oregon. 

j.  C.  crassifo'lius  Torr.  Erect  shrub  with  rigid  branches,  the 
young  twigs  clothed  with  white  down.  Leaves  opposite,  thick,  white- 
downy  on  the  lower  surface,  obtuse  or  refuse  at  apex.  Flowers  in  numer- 
ous clusters  on  short  peduncles,  light  blue  or  white,  very  densely 
clustered.  Capsule  with  3  horn-like  crests  below  the  summit.  This  is 
found  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  especially  in  southern  California. 

k.  C.  pineto'rum  Coville.  Low  shrubs  with  flat  tops  and  many 
stiff,  spreading  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  thick,  glossy  on  the  upper 
surface,  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  blue  or  white,  rather  large,  in 
many  small  clusters.  Capsules  large,  red,  with  large,  erect  horns  near 
the  apex  and  with  crests  between.  On  dry  hills  in  the  Sierra  Xevada 
and  Coast  Mountains. 

/.  C.  prostra'tus  Benth.  SQUAW-CARPETS,  MAHALA  MATS.  Stems 
forming  mats,  rooting.  Leaves  opposite,  thick,  with  sharp  teeth  on 
the  margins,  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped.  Flowers  blue,  rather  large. 
Pods  large,  red,  with  3  large,  wrinkled  horns  at  the  apex  and  crests 
between.  Common  in  the  mountains  of  California  and  extending 
to  Washington. 

MALVA'CE^.     MALLOW  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  flowers  generally  showy.  Calyx  with 
lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  with  an  outer  row  of  bracts 
below,  resembling  another  calyx.  Petals  5,  united  at  the  base 
of  the  stamen  tube.  Stamens  numerous,  united  into  a  column 
by  their  filaments,  enclosing  the.  pistils.  Anthers  kidney- 
shaped,  1-celled,  except  in  Fremontia.  Fruit  a  3-10-celled 
pod  or  a  cluster  of  one-  to  several-seeded  carpels,  at  the  base 
of  the  united  styles,  commonly  called  "  cheeses." 

I.    LAVA'TERA,  Tree  Mallow 

Stout  shrubs,  frequently  planted  as  wind-breaks.  Leaves 
large,  evergreen,  5-7-lobed.  Flowers  axillary,  on  long  pedun- 
cles. Calyx  with  an  outer  row  of  8-6  leaflets.  Carpels  1-seeded. 


106  KEY   AND  FLORA 

L.  assurgentiflo'ra  Kellogg.  This  grows  to  a  height  of  several  feet, 
and  has  large  reddish  purple  flowers,  veined  with  darker  lines. 

H.     SIDAI/CEA,  Rose  Mallow 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs.  Leaves  round  in  outlinej  lobed 
or  parted.  Flowers  rose-color,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 
Calyx  with  outer  bracts  wanting.  Column  of  stamens  double. 
Carpels  1-seeded,  indehiscent. 

a.  S.  malvseflo'ra  Gray.     Perennial  with  several  stems  from  the 
root  1-2  ft.  high,  erect  or  ascending,  hairy.     Root  leaves  rounded, 
deeply  crenate ;    stem  leaves  7-parted,   with   the   divisions    3-lobed. 
Flowers  in  spike-like   racemes,    rose-color.       Carpels   becoming  some- 
what wrinkled  and  veiny  when  ripe.     There  are  two  kinds  of  flowers. 
Those  with    rudimentary   anthers    are   smaller   and  generally  of    a 
deeper  color ;  the  perfect  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more  across.     The 
pistils  ripen  after  the  pollen  is  discharged.     This  is  variable  and 
common  near 'the  coast. 

b.  S.  Orega'na  Gray.     Perennial.     Stems    solitary    or    few  from 
the  root,  2-6  ft.  in  height,  branching  into  panicles  which   are  stel- 
late  pubescent.      Leaves  chiefly  at  the  base,   orbicular  in  outline, 
7-9-lobed,    the    lobes    cleft.       Flowers    ^-1    in.    long    in    spicate 
racemes.      Carpels  slightly   beaked,  smooth.     From  northern  Califor- 
nia to  Oregon. 

c.  S.  diploscy'pha   Gray.     Annual,  with  hairy  stems  1-2  ft.  high  ; 
branches     spreading.        Leaves    round-kidriey-shaped,    the    earliest 
crenate,  the  others  with  5-7  lobed  divisions.     Petals  pink,  an  inch 
long.      Carpels  veiny  and  wrinkled,  depressed,  beakless.     This  is  com- 
mon in  middle  California  in  fields,  growing  like  a  weed.     It  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  species. 

m.    MALVAS'TRUM 

Erect  shrubs  or  herbs.  Calyx  with  3  outer  bracts.  Stamen 
tube  simple.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  1-seeded,  usually 
splitting  from  the  top. 

a.  M.  Par'ryi  Greene.  Annual.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending. 
Leaves  deeply  5-parted,  with  toothed  or  lobed  segments.  Flowers 
axillary,  on  long,  slender  peduncles.  Carpels  15-20.  This  is  sim- 
ilar to  Sidalcea  malvceflora  in  the  dio3cious  character  of  its  flowers. 
The  perfect  flowers  are  often  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter. 
This  is  found  in  middle  California  in  dry  places. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  107 

b.  M.  fascicula'tum  Greene.  A  shrub  6-8  ft.  high,  with  long,  slen- 
der branches.  Leaves  tomentose,  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers 
in  racemes  or  panicles.  Corolla  rose-purple,  f  in. .long.  Carpels 
smooth  below,  tomentose  above.  This  is  a  beautiful  shrub,  or 
sometimes  a  tree,  common  in  southern  California. 


IV.    FREMON'TIA,  Slippery  Elm 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  small  3-7-lobed  leaves,  rusty 
stellate  pubescent.  Calyx  1-3  in.  in  diameter,  5-cleft  almost 
to  the  base,  with  bright  yellow,  leathery  divisions,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud ;  persistent  bractlets  under  the  calyx  3-5, 
small.  Corolla  wanting.  Stamens  5,  with  filaments  united 
to  the  middle.  Anthers  linear,  2-celled.  Capsule  4  or  5 
celled,  dehiscent  from  the  top.  This  is,  by  some  authorities, 
put  into  Sterculiacece. 

F.  Califor'nica  Ton.  FALSE  SLIPPERY  ELM.  This  is  a  fine 
sight  when  in  bloom.  The  large  yellow  flowers  are  numerous  on 
the  long  stems.  The  fruit  is  densely  hairy  and  woolly  on  the 
inside,  and  the  dry  open  pods  persist.  The  bark  is  used  as  slip- 
pery elm.  From  middle  California  to  San  Diego. 


HYPERICA'CEJE,    ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  covered  with  transparent  or 
dark  dots  or  with  both  kinds.  Flowers  with  4  or  5  sepals, 
and  as  many  petals.  Stamens  numerous  in  3-5  clusters, 
on  the  receptacle.  Styles  3-5,  more  or  less  united.  Pod 
splitting  at  the  partitions  into  3  valves. 

HYPERI'CUM,  St.  John's-wort 
Flowers  yellow.     Stamens  in  several  sets,  stigmas  capitate. 

a.  H.  Scou'leri  Hook.     Erect,  with  simple  stems  from  running  root- 
stocks.    Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  clasping,  about  an  inch  long.    Flowers 
nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  panicled  cymes.     This  grows  in  moist 
places,  chiefly  in  the  mountains. 

b.  H.  concin'num  Benth.     Stems  low,  numerous,  from  a  woody  base. 
Leaves  not  clasping,  usually  folded,  growing  in  four  distinct  ranks  up 


108  KEY   AND   FLORA 

the  stem.     Stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  sets.     Corollas  nearly  an 
inch  in  diameter.     This  grows  on  dry  hills  in  central  California. 

c.  H.  anagalloi'des  Cham.  &  Schl.  Stems  weak,  low,  spreading, 
rooting  at  the  joints,  growing  in  wet  places  and  forming  mats.  Leaves 
small,  clasping.  Flowers  small,  in  cymes.  Pod  1-celled.  Widely 
distributed. 

FRANKENIA'CE^,  YERBA  REUMA  FAMILY 

Low,  spreading,  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite, 
entire  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Calyx  tubular,  4  or  5  lobed, 
ribbed.  Petals  with  long  claws  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Stamens  4-7.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a  2-4-valved  pod 
included  in  the  calyx  tube. 

a.  Franke'nia  grandiflo'ra  Cham.  &  Schl.    YERBA  REUMA.     Stems 
very  numerous,  slender.     Leaves  numerous,  small  and  narrow,  with 
the  margins  rolled  under.     Petals  small,  pink.     On  account  of  the 
great  amount  of  salt  contained  in  this  plant  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  dry  it.     It  is  common  in  salt  marshes  on  the  coast. 

b.  F.  grandiflo'ra  var.  campes'tris.     This  is  the  form  found  in  the 
interior  alkaline  marshes. 


CISTA'CE^,  ROCKROSE  FAMILY 

Calyx  in  2  series ;  the  outer  sepals  2,  smaller  than  the  3 
inner,  turned  to  the  left  in  the  bud,  while  the  5  petals  are 
turned  to  the  right.  Stamens  many,  style  1.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule, with  the  parietal  placentae  protruding  towards  the  center. 

HELIAN'THEMUM,  Rockrose 

Perennials,  with  many  slender  steins  about  a  foot  high 
from  a  woody  root.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  open  only  in  sun- 
shine, with  petals  soon  falling.  Ovary  opening  into  3  valves. 

H.  scopa'rium  Nutt.  This  grows  on  dry  hills  throughout  Cali- 
fornia, in  the  Coast  Mountains. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  109 


VIOLA'CEJE,   VIOLET  FAMILY 

Low  perennial  herbs  having  alternate  leaves  with  leaf-like 
stipules.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  5,  persist- 
ent. Petals  5,  one  with  a  spur  at  base.  Stamens  5,  short, 
with  the  filaments  cohering  around  the  pistil.  Style  club- 
shaped,  with  a  one-sided  stigma.  Pod  1-celled,  splitting  into 
3  parts,  each  bearing  seeds  on  the  middle  nerve.  The  seeds 
are  often  scattered  by  the  bursting  of  the  elastic  valves. 

VTOLA,  Violet 

Sepals  ear-like  at  the  base.  Petals  somewhat  bearded 
within,  thus  affording  a  foothold  for  bees,  the  lowest  one 
with  a  spur  at  base.  Stamens  not  cohering  very  much,  the 
lowest  with  spurs  which  reach  down  into  the  spur  of  the 
lowest  petal. 

a.  V.  palus'tris  L.     Stemless,  low,  from  thread-like  creeping  root- 
stocks.      Leaves  round-cordate,  1-2  in.  in  diameter,  faintly  crenate. 
Flowers  pale  lilac  to  white,  with  short,  rounded,  sac-like  spurs.    Northern 
California  to  Alaska,  growing  in  swampy  places  in  the  mountains. 

b.  V.  cani'na  var.  adun'ca  Gray.     BLUE  VIOLET.     Stems  leafy, 
several  from   the   rootstock.      Leaves  simple,    ovate-cordate,   with 
leaf-like  stipules.     Flowers  blue,  tcith  the  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
The    side   petals   are    bearded.      Widely   distributed    in   the    Coast 
Mountains. 

c.  V.  ocella'ta  T.   &  G.     HEART'S-EASE.    Stems    leafy.     Leaves 
heart-shaped,    crenate,    with    small   papery    stipules.      Upper  petals 
white   within,  dark  on  the  outside;  the  others  pale  yellow,  veined  with 
purple;  those  on  the  sides  with  a  purple  spot  near  the  base.     In  woods 
-from  Monterey  County  northward. 

d.  V.  peduncula'ta  T.  &  G.      PANSY.     Stems   leafy,  with  ovate 
leaves  wedge-shaped  at  the  base.     Stipules  narrowly  lance-shaped. 
Flowers  large,  on  long  peduncles,  deep  yellow.     Upper  petals  tinged 
with  brown  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined  with  purple,  those  on 
the  sides  bearded.     Common  from  southern  to  middle  California. 

c.  V.  sarmento'sa  Dougl.  CREEPING  VIOLET.  Stems  creeping 
ly  leafy  stolons.  Leaves  finely  crenate,  round,  with  heart-shaped 
base.  Flowers  light  yellow.  This  grows  in  the  woods  of  the  Coast 
Mountains. 


110  KEY  AND  FLORA 

/.  V.  praemor'sa  Dougl.  Stems  short,  frequently  underground, 
gray  pubescent  or  smooth.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  the  margin 
sinuate  to  dentate,  tapering  to  the  petiole.  Sepals  papery,  entire  or 
slashed.  Petals  yellow,  generally  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside. 
Ovary  globular,  pubescent.  Variable  and  widely  distributed. 

g.  V.  loba'ta  Benth.  Stems  leafy.  Leaves  palmately  cut  into  5-9  nar- 
row lobes,  the  central  one  the  longest.  (The  root  leaves  are  sometimes 
simple  with  crenate  margins.)  Stipules  large,  leaf-like.  Flowers  yel- 
low. Upper  petals  brownish  purple  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined 
or  tinged  with  purple,  the  side  petals  slightly  bearded.  Throughout 
California. 

h.  V.  chrysan'tha  Hook.  Apparently  stemless.  Leaves  round  in 
outline,  twice  divided  into  linear  segments.  Stipules  lance-shaped. 
Flowers  on  peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  bright 
yellow.  Lower  petals  veined,  yellow',  the  upper  brownish  purple  on 
the  outside ;  the  side  petals  not  bearded.  On  low  hills  from  Monte- 
rey County  northward. 

i.  V.  trinerva'ta  Howell.  Stemless,  smooth.  Leaves  palmately  3-5- 
parted  with  lanceolate,  acute  divisions ;  stipules  small,  entire,  almost 
free.  Upper  petals  deep  blue  or  violet :  lower  yellow.  Washington. 

j.  V.  Beckwith'ii  T.  &  G.  Stemless,  hairy  or  almost  smooth. 
Leaves  orbicular,  palmately  3-parted  into  linear,  obtuse  divisions.  Upper 
petals  deep  blue  or  violet,  lower  light  blue  or  white,  with  the  base  yellow- 
ish. This  is  found  from  northern  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  Oregon,  generally  on  the  eastern  slope. 


MYRTA'CE^,  MYRTLE  FAMILY 

EUCALYP'TUS.  There  are  many  different  species  of  this 
genus  cultivated  in  California.  The  young  shoots  have  oppo- 
site leaves  much  broader  than  the  older  leaves,  which  are 
alternate.  The  calyx  never  opens.  It  is  like  a  lid  and  falls 
off.  Under  this  is  another  very  thin  lid  which  answers  to 
the  corolla.  Then  the  numerous  stamens  rise  and  expand, 
producing  a  tassel-like  blossom.  The  fruit  is  a  3-5-celled 
capsule  imbedded  in  the  receptacle  and  opening  by  chinks  at 
the  top.  The  commonest  species  in  cultivation  is  the  Blue 
Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus  Labill. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  111 


ONAGRA'CEJE,  EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  the  calyx  tube  inserted  on  the  ovary.  Parts 
of  the  flower  4,  except  the  stamens,  which  are  generally  8. 
Capsule  4-celled,  and  stigma  4-lobed  or  capitate.  Leaves 
simple,  without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  showy. 

I.    ZAUSCHNE'RIA,  Wild  Fuchsia 

Perennial  herbs  with  many  low  ascending  stems  from 
woody  rootstocks.  Leaves  opposite,  except  the  upper  ones. 
Flowers  large,  scarlet,  in  racemes.  Calyx  with  tube  globose 
just  above  the  ovary,  the  funnel-formed  border  4-lobed,  with  8 
scales  within,  4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Petals  4,  obcordate  and 
deeply  cleft,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes.  Stamens  8 
in  2  sets,  one  shorter  than  the  other.  Anthers  versatile. 
Stigma  4-lobed  or  shield-shaped.  Pod  4-angled.  Seeds  with 
a  tuft  of  down  at  the  end. 

Z.  Califor'nica  Presl.  All  the  forms  of  Zauschneria  are  considered 
by  many  botanists  to  belong  to  this  species.  It  is  extremely  vari- 
able, and  found  through  California;  blooming  from  summer  until 
late  in  the  fall. 

H.    EPILO'BIUM,  Willow  Herb 

Perennial  herbs  often  growing  near  water.  Calyx  with 
tube  short  or  none,  border  with  4  spreading,  deciduous  lobes. 
Petals  spreading  or  erect,  purplish  or  white,  often  notched  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  8  in  2  sets,  one  shorter;  anthers  versa- 
tile. Stigma  with  4  spreading  lobes  or  somewhat  club-, 
shaped.  Pod  4-sided.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long  white  hairs. 

a.  E.  spica'tum  Lam.  FIREWEED.  Perennial,  with  tall,  erect, 
simple,  leafy  stems.  Leaves  sessile,  lance-shaped,  entire.  Flowers 
reddish  purple,  large,  in  a  long  spike  with  noticeable  bracts.  (The 
spike  resembles  ar  raceme  because  of  the  long,  linear  ovaries,  which 
look  like  pedicels.)  Style  yellow,  hairy  at  the  base,  with  4  linear 
stigma  lobes.  This  is  common  in  the  Sierra  ^Nevada  Mountains 
wherever  the  timber  has  been  burned,  and  also  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Coast  Mountains. 


112  KEY  AND   FLORA 

b.  E.  panicula'tum    Nutt.     Annual,  with   slender   stems   branching 
widely  above,  low  or  10  ft.  high.     Leaves  small,  often  in  clusters  on 
the   main  stem,  almost  wanting  on  the  branches.     Flowers  small, 
rose-color,  veined  with  darker  lines,  terminating  the  slender  thread- 
like branches.     Petals  deeply  notched,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx   lobes.     This    is   common,   and   blooms   in  the  fall.     Widely 
distributed. 

c.  E.    adenocau'lon   Hausskn.      Stems   ascending,    tall,   with   the 
inflorescence  branched.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  rounded  base, 
finely  toothed  margins,   and  short-winged  petioles.     Flowers  small, 
rose-color,  nodding  at   first.     Inflorescence    and   seed-pods  glandular 
pubescent.     This  is  common  and  widely  distributed.     It  grows  near 
wet  places.     Little  rosettes  of  leaves  appear  late  in  the  season  at  the 
base  of  the  stem. 

m.    (ENOTHE'RA,  Evening  Primrose 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  various,  with  calyx 
tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  and  the  lobes  reflexed,  often 
remaining  somewhat  united.  Petals  4,  white  or  yellow,  turn- 
ing reddish  or,  in  some  yellow-flowered  species,  greenish. 
Stamens  8,  with  anthers  versatile.  Stigma  either  with  4 
linear  divisions  or  capitate.  The  following  are  the  most 
widely  distributed  species. 

a.  CE.  Califor'nica  Watson.    WHITE  EVENING  PRIMROSE.    Peren- 
nials,  with  low,   rather   stout   stems   covered    with    white,   shining 
epidermis.     Flowers  axillary,  with  petals   white,  obcordate,  more  than 
an  inch  long.     Style  4-cleft.     Capsules  2  in.  long,  slightly  tapering. 
Central  and  southern  California. 

b.  (E.  bien'nis  L.     YELLOW   EVENING  PRIMROSE.     Stem  erect, 
often  3  ft.  high,  leafy.     Flowers  large  (often,  more  than  2  in.  in  diam- 
eter}, yellow,  in  a  leafy  spike.     Stigmas  with  4  linear  lobes.     This 
is    generally  found  in   moist  places.     There   are   several  varieties, 

.  differing  chiefly  in  the  amount  of  pubescence  and  the  size  of  the 
flowers.     Widely  distributed. 

c.  (E.  gauraeflo'ra  T.  &  G.    NODDING  EVENING  PRIMROSE.    Stems 
leafy,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base.     Flowers  rather  small  (not 
^  in.  in  diameter},  very  numerous,  tohite,  turning  rose-color,  in  a  nodding 
spike.     Capsules  slender,  linear,  much  contorted.     This  is  common 
in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  on  the  sides  of  hills  or  gulches. 

d.  (E.  ova'ta  Nutt.     SUN   CUPS  (incorrectly   called  COWSLIPS). 
Low,  with  leaves  and  flowers  from  a  fleshy  root  forming  rosettes  on  the 
ground.     Leaves  broadly  lance-shaped,  with  the  margins  generally 
toothed  or  wavy,  3-8  in.  long,  often  the  midvein  red.     Calyx  tube 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  113 

like  a  long  stem,  1-4  in.  long,  extending  down  to  the  capsule,  which 
is  underground.  Corolla  bright  yellow,  with  petals  ^  in.  or  more  long. 
Stigma  capitate.  This  grows  in  moist  places  not  far  from  the  coast, 
and  blooms  early. 

e.  (E.  campes'tris  Greene.  Annual,  with  many  slender  branches 
from  the  root,  6  in.  to  nearly  a  foot  high.  Leaves  narrow,  linear,  den- 
tate. Calyx  tube  short,  funnel-form,  attached  to  the  long  linear 
capsule,  which  often  becomes  somewhat  contorted.  •  Petals  ±  in.  or 
less  long,  bright  yellow,  sometimes  spotted  at  base.  Anthers  versatile, 
stigma  capitate.  This  is  generally  many-flowered,  and  is  quite  com- 
mon south  of  San  Francisco. 

/.  (E.  cheiranthifolia  Hornemann.  Ste)ns  decumbent,  often  2  ft.  or 
more  long,  ivhite,  with  a  close  pubescence,  especially  on  the  younger  parts. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  to  ovate,  the  upper  sessile.  Ovary  and  calyx 
woolly.  Petals  yellow,  generally  turning  greenish  when  withering.  Pods 
angled,  becoming  contorted.  This  is  common  on  the  sands  along 
the  coast,  chiefly  south  of  San  Francisco,  and  is  quite  variable. 


IV.    GODE'TIA,  "Farewell  to  Spring" 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  funnel-shaped, 
with  reflexe^  lobes  somewhat  united,  deciduous.  Petals  4, 
generally  rose-color,  often  marked  with  spots  of  deeper  color. 
Stamens  8  in  2  sets,  one  shorter  than  the  other,  and  ripen- 
ing earlier ;  anthers  attached  at  the  base.  Stigmas  4,  gen- 
erally purple.  Capsule  4-celled.  The  following  species  are 
the  most  easily  distinguished  and  most  common. 

a.  G.   lep'ida  Lindl.     Annual,'  erect  herbs   with   white,  shining 
stems.     Flowers  in  spikes.      Tips  of  the  calyx  lobes  free  in  the  bud. 
Petals  rose-color,  with  a  darker  spot  near  the  top.       Capsule  with  a 
single  row  of  seeds  in  each  cell,  sessile,  narrowed  towards  the  apex, 
ribbed,  white-hairy.     Monterey  County  to  Oregon. 

b.  G.  amce'na  Lilja.     Stems  loosely  branching  below,  with  widely 
spreading  branches.     Flowers  nodding  in  the  bud,  large  and  showy 
(an  inch  or  more  in  diameter).     Petals  wrhite,  rose-color,  or  purple, 
with  a  darker  spot  at  the  center.     Capsules  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
on  short  pedicels.     From  Monterey  County  northward. 

c.  G.  quadrivuTnera  Spach.     Sterns  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high. 
Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate,  an  inch  or  two  long. 
Tips  of  the  calyx  lobes  slightly  free  in  the  bud.     Petals  purplish,  about 
half  an  inch  long.     Stigma  lobes  short,  purplish.     Capsule  narrowed 
to    the  top,  ribbed   and  hairy.     Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell.     This 
species  is  widely  "distributed. 


114  KEY   AND   FLORA 

d.  G.  purpu'rea  Watson.     Stems  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high.    Leaves 
oblong,  entire,  an  inch  or  two  long.     Flowers  in  a  leafy  terminal 
spike.      Tips  of  the  calyx  lobes  not  at  all  free  in  the  bud.     Petals  deep 
purple,  half   an  inch   long.     Stigma  lobes   purple,  short.     Capsule 
ovate  to  linear-oblong,  sessile,  not  ribbed.     Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 
From  Oregon  to  Los  Angeles. 

e.  G.   Bot'tae    Spach.     Erect,  with   few   branches,   1-2  ft.   high, 
almost    smooth.     Leaves    linear-lanceolate,   1-2    in.  long,   entire   or 
with  a  few  teeth  on  the  margin.     Petals  light  purple,  about  an  inch 
long.      Pod  narrowed  at  each  end,  about  an  inch  long,  on  pedicels  |~| 
in.  long.     This  is  common  in  southern  California. 

f.  G.  epilobioi'des  Wats.     Stems  erect,  slender,  one  foot  or  less 
high,  slightly  clothed  with  white  down  or  smooth.     Leaves  linear. 
Petals  pale  rose  or  white,  a  half  inch  or  less  long.     Pod  narrowed  at 
each  end,  an  inch  or  less  long.     Common  in  southern  California. 


V.    CLAR'KIA 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  funnel-shaped, 
with  reflexed,  united,  deciduous  lobes.  Petals  ^  with  long 
claws.  Stamens  8  in  2  sets,  those  opposite  the  petals  often 
sterile.  Anthers  attached  by  the  base.  Pods  linear. 

The  chief  difference  between  Clarkia  and  Godetia  consists 
in  the  clawed  petals  of  the  former. 

a.  C.  el'egans  Dougl.     Stems  simple  or  branched,  from  6  in.  to 
6  ft.  high.     Divisions  of  the  calyx  united  except  on  one  side,  deep 
wine-color  on  the  inner   surface.     Petals  reddish  purple,  with  long, 
slender  claws  and  rhomboidal   blades.     Anthers  all  perfect.     Capsule 
nearly  sessile,  often  woolly.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  C.  concin'na  Greene  (Eucharidium).    Stems  slender,  with  spread- 
ing branches.     Calyx  tube  very  slender,  an  inch  long.     Petals  dark 
rose-color,  3-lobed.     Stamens  only  4-     Stigma   lobes   unequal.     Cap- 
sules about  an  inch  long,  sessile.    This  is  a  very  showy  plant,  bloom- 
ing in  summer.     In  the  Coast  Mountains. 

c.  C.    pulchel'la   Pursh.     Stems    branching,  about    a   foot    high. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1-3  in.  long,  entire,  smooth.     Petals  rose- 
color,  with  3  broad-spreading  lobes,  the  claw  with  a  pair   of  recurved 
teeth.     Perfect  stamens  4,  each  with  a  scale  on  each  side  of  the  base. 
There  are  4  stamens  that  are  rudimentary.     Stigma  lobes  dilated.    Pod 
1  in.  long,   8-angled,  on  spreading  pedicels.     From  northern  Cali- 
fornia to  British  America. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  115 


LOASA'CEJE.     BLAZING  STAR  FAMILY 

/ 
Herbs  covered  with  rough  barbed  hairs.    Calyx  tube  attached 

to  the  1-celled  ovary  with  parietal  placentae.    Stamens  numer- 
ous, merging  into  the  petals. 

MENTZE'LIA,  Blazing  Star 

Tall  and  erect,  or  loosely  branching  herbs,  with  stems  white 
and  shining.  Mowers  showy,  yellow,  orange  or  cream-color ; 
from  very  small  to  3  or  4  in.  in  diameter.  The  barbed  hairs 
cause  the  plant  to  adhere  to  whatever  it  happens  to  touch. 
The  numerous  stamens  and  spreading  petals  give  this  plant  a 
radiant  appearance  like  a  star.  The  species  are  local. 

M.  laevicau'lis  T.  &  G.  Biennial,  with  stout  branching  stems, 
2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  2-8  in.  long.  Flowers  sessile  on 
short  branches,  3-4  in.  broad,  light  yellow,  blooming  in  the  morn- 
ing. Calyx  tube  naked.  Petals  5-10.  Stamens  numerous.  This 
is  generally  found  growing  in  the  beds  of  streams  in  the  mountains 
through  California  to  Washington. 

CACTA'CE^.      CACTUS  FAMILY 

Peculiar  green  fleshy  perennial  plants,  armed  with  bundles 
of  spines,  and  rarely  possessing  leaves.  Flowers  with  numer- 
ous sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  in  several  series,  forming  a 
cup  above  the  1-celled,  many-ovuled  ovary.  Style  1,  with 
several  stigmas.  Fruit  a  pulpy  or,  rarely,  a  dry  1-celled 
berry  with  numerous  seeds.  The  following  are  the  common 
genera. 

I.    MAMILLA'RIA,  Bird's-nest  Cactus 

Round  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles. 
Flowers  small,  arising  between  the  tubercles.  Ovary  naked. 
Seeds  without  endosperm. 

H.    ECHINOCAC'TUS,  Indian  Melon 

Round  or  oval  plants,  usually  ribbed,  with  bundles  of  spines 
on  the  ribs.  Flowers  from  the  youngest  part  of  the  ribs  close 


116  KEY  AND  FLORA 

above  the  growing  bunches   of  spines.      Ovary  covered  with 
sepals.     Seeds  with  endosperm. 

HI.    CE'REUS,  Column  Cactus 

Oval  or  columnar  plants,  sometimes  tall,  ribbed,  or  angled, 
with  bundles  of  spines  on  the  ribs.  Flowers  larger  than  the 
two  preceding,  close  above  the  bundles  of  full-grown  spines. 
Ovary  covered  with  sepals.  Seeds  without  endosperm. 

IV.    OPUN'TIA,  Jointed  Cactus 

Branching  or  jointed  plants,  with  joints  either  flattened  or 
cylindrical.  Spines  barbed,  and  accompanied  by  numerous 
short  bristles  that  easily  become  detached.  Ovary  beaming 
bristles  in  the  axils  of  small  terete  deciduous  sepals.  Seeds 
with  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  endosperm. 


FICOFDE^.     FIG  MARIGOLD  FAMILY 

Fleshy,  succulent  plants,  with  opposite  leaves  without  stip- 
ules. Petals  and  stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of 
the  calyx,  which  is  adnate  to  the  capsule. 

MESEMBRYAN'THEMUM,  Fig  Marigold,  Ice  Plant 

Calyx  lobes  5,  unequal.  Petals  numerous,  linear.  Stamens 
indefinitely  numerous.  Capsule  with  as  many  cells  as  styles 
(4-20),  usually  5,  dehiscent  at  the  top. 

M.  aequilatera'le  Haworth.  FIG  MARIGOLD.  Perennial,  with 
stout,  usually  prostrate  stems.  Leaves  thick,  3-sided,  smooth,  1-3 
in.  long.  Flowers  crimson,  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  edible.  This  is 
common  on  the  coast. 

ARALIA'CEJE.     GINSENG  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  generally  with  woody  stems. 
Umbels  not  regularly  compound.  Styles  and  carpels  more 
than  2.  Fruit  fleshy,  forming  a  berry  or  drupe. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  117 


I.    ARA'LIA,  Ginseng,  Spikenard 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Stamens  5. 
Pistil  with  the  ovary  2-5-celled,  and  the  styles  free  or  slightly 
united  at  base.  Leaves  alternate,  compound.  Umbels  simple, 
either  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Pedicels  not  jointed. 

A.  Calif or'nica  Watson.  Herbs,  8-10  ft.  high,  from  a  thick  aro- 
matic root.  Leaves  large,  bipinnate,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets, 
simply  or  doubly  serrate.  Umbels  globular,  generally  in  panicles. 
Fruit  when  ripe  forming  a  purple  berry.  This  is  frequent  along 
shaded  streams. 

H.    FAT'SIA,  Devil's  Club 

Densely  prickly  shrubs  with  large  palmately  lobed  leaves 
and  greenish  white  flowers  in  dense  paniculate  *umbels. 
Calyx  teeth  wanting.  Petals  5,  valvate  in  bud.  Stamens  5, 
alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  2-3-celled  ;  styles  2.  Fruit 
a  drupe.  Pedicels  jointed. 

F.  hor'rida  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stems  stout,  woody,  creeping  at  base, 
leafy  at  summit,  very  prickly.  Leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped  in  out- 
line, prickly  on  both  sides.  Styles  united  to  the  middle.  This  is 
common  in  shady  woods  from  Oregon  northwards.  It  forms  thickets 
which,  on  account  of  the  thorny  stems,  are  almost  impassable. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  hollow,  grooved  stems  and  small  flowers  in 
umbels.  Calyx  usually  a  5-toothed  rim  around  the  top  of 
the  ovary.  Petals  5,  small.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  a  disk 
on  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled,  ripen- 
ing into  2  carpel-like  akenes,  which  readily  separate  from 
each  other.  Each  carpel  bears  longitudinal  ribs,  in  the  fur- 
rows of  which  secondary  ribs  often  occur.  On  a  cross-section 
of  the  fruit  the  oil  tubes  are  seen  as  dots.  They  traverse  the 
spaces  between  the  ribs,  and  are  pretty  near  the  surface  of 
the  fruit.  The  seeds  contain  a  small  embryo  enclosed  in 
considerable  endosperm.  The  family  is  difficult,  and  the 


118  KEY   AND   FLORA 

flowers  are  so  much  alike  that  the  different  genera  and 
species  are  to  be  distinguished  from  each  other  chiefly  by 
the  characteristics  of  the  fruit. 

I.    SANIC'ULA,  Snakeroot,  Sanicle 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  pinnately  divided.  Umbels 
simple  or  imperfectly  compound,  with  flowers  sessile  or  on 
short  pedicels.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  leafy,  toothed  ;  those 
of  the  involucels  small,  entire.  Fruit  covered  with  hooked 
prickles  or  tubercles.  Seeds  round,  with  oil  tubes  more  or  less 
obscure. 

a.  S.  arctopoi'des  H.  &  A.    YELLOW  MATS,  FOOTSTEPS  OF  SPRING. 
Stems  prostrate,  branching  from  the  base.     Leaves  deeply  3-lobed, 
with  the  divisions   raggedly  cleft.     Fruit  on  short  pedicels.      This 
is   very   conspicuous  in  early  spring,  dotting  the   ground  with  its  small 
mat  of  yellowish  green  flowers  and  leaves,  during  the  rainy  season.     It 
is  generally  in  bloom  early  in  January.     Throughout  California. 

b.  S.  bipinnatif'ida  Dougl.      PURPLE   SANICLE,  NIGGER-BABIES. 
Erect,    with    lower    leaves    opposite,     upper    alternate,    pinnately 
3-5-parted,    with    the    divisions    toothed    or    lobed    (generally    the 
teeth  are  tipped  with  bristles).     Flowers  purplish,  in  umbels  with  3 
or  4  elongated  rays.     Throughout  California. 

c.  S.  tubero'sa  Torr.    Stems  low  from  a  small  tuberous  root.    Leaves 
finely  dissected.     Involucre  with  1-4  rays,  leafy ;  involucels  small, 
unequally   lobed.      Heads    small.      Flowers    yellow.     Fruit    covered 
with  tubercles  instead  of  prickles.     Widely  distributed,  often  growing 
on  stony  hills.     There  is  a  disagreeable  odor  about  the  plant. 

II.    HERACLE'UM,  Cow  Parsnip 

This  is  a  stout,  tall  herb  with  large  thrice-compound  leaves. 
Leaflets  broad,  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed.  Umbels  large, 
compound,  with  many-leaved  involucels.  Calyx  teeth  small 
or  none.  Petals  white,  conspicuous,  the  outer  ones  2-cleft  and 
larger  than  the  inner.  Fruit  tipped  with  a  thick  conical 
enlargement  of  the  style,  with  3  blunt  ribs  on  the  outside  of 
each  carpel,  and  a  large  oil  tube  in  each  interval  between  the 
ribs.  Seeds  flat. 

H.  lana'tum  Michx.  This  is  the  only  species.  The  stem  is  gen- 
erally woolly.  It  grows  everywhere  not  far  from  water. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  119 


m.    DAU'CUS,  Carrot,  Rattlesnake  Weed 

Calyx  5-toothed,  fruit  oblong,  with  the  primary  ribs  bristly, 
and  the  secondary  ones  winged  with  a  row  of  barbed  prickles 
more  or  less  united.  Oil  tubes  under  the  wings.  Leaves 
much  dissected  with  very  small  segments.  Involucres  like 
the  leaves,  but  smaller.  Outer  rays  of  the  umbel  longest  and 
folding  over  the  others  in  fruit.  Flowers  greenish. 

D.  pusil'lus  Michx.    YERBA  DE  LA  VIBORA,  RATTLESNAKE  WEED. 

Annual,  ei*ect,  simple  or  branched,  with  the  umbels  terminating  the 
stems.  The  fruit  tastes  something  like  lemon  peel.  This  is  the 
most  widely  accepted  antidote  for  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake. 
Widely  distributed. 


CORNA'CE^.     DOGWOOD  FAMILY 

Generally  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  and  entire 
leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  in  heads  or  cymes.  Sepals, 
petals,  and  stamens  4.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  1  or  2  celled 
ovary,  which  becomes  a  1  or  2  seeded  drupe  or  berry  in  fruit. 
The  seeds  have  hard  endosperm  and  a  minute  embryo. 

COR'NUS,  Dogwood 
Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.     Petals  white  or  yellowish  green. 

a.  C.  Nuttal'lii  Audubon.     LARGE-FLOWERED   DOGWOOD.     This 
is  usually  a  small  tree  with  smooth  bark.     Flowers  numerous  in  a 
head  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  involucre  of  large  white  or  yellowish 
bracts  often  tinged  with  red  and  resembling  petals.     Berries  bright  red 
in  clusters.     This  grows  along  streams,  chiefly  in  the  northern  part 
of  California. 

b.  C.  pubes'cens  var.  Califor'nica  C.  &  R.      COMMON  DOGWOOD. 
Shrubby,  with    smooth,  reddish  branches.     Leaves  ovate  to  oval, 
acute  at  base,  acute  or  pointed  at  top.     Flowers  white  in  cymes, 
flowering  almost  throughout  the  year.     Fruit  dull  white,  rounded, 
with  stone  somewhat  flattened,  ridged  on  the  sides  and  furrowed  on 
the  edge.     This  is  common  throughout  the   state,  growing  along 
streams. 

c.  C.  stolonif'era  Michx.  Shrub  3-9  ft.  high,  bearing  stolons. 
Stems  bright  red-purple  and  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong, 


120  KEY   AND   FLORA 

pointed  at  top,  obtuse  at  base,  white  on  the  lower  surface  from  the 
close  pubescence.  Flowers  in  small  cymes.  Calyx  teeth  minute, 
petals  white,  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  Oregon  to  British  Columbia. 

GARRYA'CE.35.      SILK-TASSEL  BUSH  FAMILY 
GAR'RYA,  Silk-tassel  Bush,  Quinine  Bush 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  opposite  leathery  leaves.  Flowers 
grayish  green,  apetalous,  dioecious,  in  pendent  axillary  cat- 
kins, which  are  solitary  or  several.  Sterile  flowers  with 
4-parted  calyx,  and  4  conspicuous  stamens  on  distinct  fila- 
ments. Fertile  flowers^with  a  2-lobed  calyx  or  none,  styles  2, 
ovary  1-celled,  containing  2  ovules.  Fruit  a  berry  with  a 
brittle  outer  covering,  pulpy  within,  and  containing  1  or  2 
seeds.  This  is  the  only  genus. 

a.  G.   Fremon'tii   Torr.      Leaves  becoming   glabrous,  not  wavy- 
margined.     Fruit  very  bitter,  purple.     Sterile  catkins  2-3  in.  long. 
Middle  California. 

b.  G.  ellip'tica  Dougl.     Leaves  white-woolly  on  the  lower  surface, 
wavy-margined.     Fruit,  when  ripe,  red-purple,  pleasantly  acid,  with 
a  hint  of  bitterness.     The  sterile  catkins  are  from  2  to  5  in.  long, 
and   look   like    fringe.      From   Monterey  County   to    Oregon    and 
Washington. 

ERICA'CE^aS.     HEATHER  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  woody  plants.  Leaves  simple,  evergreen  or 
deciduous,  without  stipules.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  parts  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  2-celled,  opening 
by  little  holes  at  the  top.  Ovary  generally  with  as  many 
cells  as  there  are  parts  to  the  corolla,  inferior  in  Vaccinium 
but  superior  in  the  other  genera.  Style  simple.  Fruit  a 
berry  or  a  pod  with  axillary  placentae. 

I.    VACCINIUM,  Huckleberry 

Shrubby.  Calyx  and  corolla  apparently  on  the  summit  of 
the  ovary,  the  calyx  tube  being  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  121 

8-10,  with  separate  cells  to  the  anthers,  which  taper  upwards. 
Fruit  a  berry  crowned  with  the  5-toothed  calyx. 

a.  V.  ova'tum  Pursh..    Leaves  evergreen,  glossy,  serrate,  acute. 
Flowers  crowded  in  short  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  pink.     Stamens  10. 
Berries  dark  blue  or  purple,  edible.     This  is  common  in  the  Coast 
Mountains  from  Monterey  County  to  Oregon. 

b.  V.    parvifolium    Smith.      Stems   much  branched,    with   the 
branches   sharply    angled.     Leaves   deciduous,   oblong,   entire,    dull 
green  above,  pale  beneath.    Corolla  globular.    Stamens  10.    Anthers 
with  long  tail-like  appendages  on  the  back.     Bennies  pale  red,  edible. 
Northern  California  to  Alaska. 


H.    AR'BUTUS,  Madrono,  Madrone 

Trees  with  thick,  evergreen,  alternate  leaves.  Flowers 
white,  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  small,  5-lobed.  Corolla 
urn-shaped,  with  5  recurved  teeth,  and  large  honey-glands 
near  the  base.  Stamens  10  ;  anthers  flattened,  with  a  pair  of 
horns  on  the  back  below  the  summit.  Ovary  raised  on  a  disk, 
o-celled.  Fruit,  when  ripe,  a  round  red  berry  with  a  rough, 
tubercled  surface,  edible  but  rather  dry. 

A.  Menzie'sii  Pursh.  This  is  a  beautiful  tree  or  sometimes  a 
shrub,  with  smooth,  brownish  red  bark,  which  peels  off  in  the  sum- 
mer. The  leaves  are  large,  oblong,  serrate,  bright  green  above,  pale 
beneath.  The  tree  is  beautiful  at  all  times ;  when  in  bloom  fra- 
grant and  adorned  with  large  panicles*  of  flowers  like  lilies  of  the 
valley ;  in  autumn  gorgeous  with  the  large  clusters  of  fruit,  varying 
in  color  from  greenish  yellow  to  bright  scarlet,  as  large  as  green 
peas.  In  the  Coast  Mountains  and  Sierra  foothills  to  Puget  Sound. 


m.    ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS,  KinniMnick,  Manzanita 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  evergreen  leaves  and  smooth  bark 
that  peels  off  in  summer.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  variously 
clustered.  Calyx  small,  5-lobed.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  with 
5  recurved  teeth  and  large  honey-glands  near  the  base. 
Stamens  10,  anthers  flattened,  with  a  pair  of  horns  on  the  back 
at  the  summit.  Ovary  raised  on  a  disk,  5-celled.  Fruit  a 
berry,  containing  stony  seeds  that  are  separable  or  cohere 
into  one. 


122  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  A.  Manzani'ta  Parry.  COMMON  MANZANIT  A.  Erect  and  branch- 
ing, becoming  tree-like,  with  smooth,  polished  dark-red  stems  and 
branches.  The  young  shoots  and  the  leaves  are  ashy  gray,  becoming 
smooth  with  age.  The  leaves  are  generally  vertical  by  a  twist  in 
the  petiole.  Flowers  crowded  in  short  racemes  on  smooth  pedicels 
with  short,  pointed  bracts.  Fruit  smooth,  about  the  size  of  a 
pea.  This  sometimes  becomes  a  tree.  In  valleys  of  the  Coast 
Mountains. 

ft.  A.  Stanfordia'na  Parry.  A  delicately  branched  shrub,  either 
erect  or  spreading,  with  slender  peduncles  and  pedicels,  small  scale- 
like  bracts  and  dark-green,  smooth  leaves,  round  and  small.  The 
flowers  are  smaller  than  in  other  species,  and  are  deep  rose-color,  rarely 
white.  The  berries  are  smooth,  rather  small,  and  the  seeds  coalesce 
more  or  less.  This  is  common  in  the  northern  Coast  Mountains, 
and  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  species. 

c.  A.  tomento'sa  Dougl.     Shrub  with  hairy  stems  and  leaves  more 
or  less  clothed  with  a  close  pubescence.     Flowers  in  short  panicles 
with    leafy   bracts   which  are  most    conspicuous  in   the   buds.     Flowers 
white,  rather  large.     Berries  with  the  seeds  coalescing  more  or  less. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  species,  and  embraces  a 
great  many  forms  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  amount  of  pubes- 
cence.    It   is   never  destroyed   by  brush  fires,  and   the   old   roots 
become  chunks  of  solid  wood. 

d.  A.  canes'cens   Eastwood.     This   is   somewhat  similar  to   the 
preceding,  but  the  entire  plant  is  white-downy.     The  flowers  are  more 
often  pink  than  white,  and  the  habit  of  the  plant  is  more  spreading. 
The  bracts  are  large  and  leaf-like.     This  is  widely  distributed  in 
northern  California. 

e.  A.  Anderso'nii  Gray.     This  is  similar  to  A.  tomento'sa.     The 
leaves  are  thin,  bright  green,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  with 
the  base  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped,  either  sessile  or  short-petioled. 
It  is  found  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of  California,  in  San  Mateo, 
Santa  Cruz,  and  Alarneda  Counties. 

f.  A.  vis'cida  Parry.     Shrub  3-5  ft.  high,  with  smooth,  pale-gray 
or  glaucous  leaves.     Panicles  erect  in  bud,  becoming  pendent  later. 
Flowers  pink  or  white,  rather  small,  on  slender,  very  viscid  pedicels. 
Fruit  a   berry  containing    seeds  that    coalesce  more  or  less.     The 
bracts  are  small  and  scale-like.     This  species  is  very  abundant  in 
the  foothills  of  the  Sierra   Nevada  and  in  the  hills  of  Lake  and 
Mendocino  Counties. 

g.  A.  glau'ca  Lindl.      BIG-BERRIED  MANZANITA.      The   foliage 
of  this  is  always  glaucous  and  smooth.     It  is  distinguished  -from 
all  other  species  by  the  large  berries,  often  |-  in.  in  diameter,  with 
the  stones  consolidated  into  a  thick,  solid  mass.     Most  common  south- 
ward. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  123 

h.  A.  bi'color  Gray.  Shrub  3  or  4  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong  to 
oval,  1-2  in.  long,  leathery,  clothed  with  white  down  on  the  lower 
surface,  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper.  Corolla  rose-color,  small. 
Fruit  a  smooth  berry  with  a  solid  seed.  Southern  California,  espe- 
cially in  San  Diego  County. 

t.  A.  U'va-Ur'si.  KINNIKINICK.  Stems  forming  a  mat  on  the 
ground.  Leaves  small,  very  glossy.  FJowers  in  short,  simple 
racemes.  Fruit  bright  red  and  smooth  when  ripe.  Northern  Cali- 
fornia to  British  Columbia. 

There  are  many  other  species  more  local  and  difficult  to 
distinguish. 

IV.    GAULTHE'RIA,  Salal 

Stems  shrubby  but  slender,  ascending  or  spreading,  creep- 
ing under  ground.  Leaves  alternate,  broad,  evergreen, 
glossy.  Flowers  nodding,  solitary  or  in  racemes,  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  5-cleft,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit 
and  enclosing  the  capsule.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10 
within  the  corolla,  the  anthers  tipped  ivith  bristles.  Ovary 
5-celled,  with  many  ovules,  in  fruit  forming  a  sweet  aromatic 
berry  which  is  edible. 

G.  Shal'lon  Pursh.  SALAL.  Stems  sometimes  3-4  ft.  high, 
almost  climbing  among  trees  and  bushes.  Racemes  glandular. 
Corolla  pink,  urn-shaped.  Fruit  black  when  ripe,  with  dark-purple 
pulp.  From  Santa  Barbara  to  British  Columbia. 


V.    RHODODEN'DRON,  Azalea 

Calyx  very  small.  Corolla  large,  funnel-form,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5-10,  with  long,  slender  filaments  reclining  along  the 
lower  side,  of  the  flower.  Capsule  woody,  dehiscent  from  the 
summit,  at  the  partitions,  by  5  valves.  Flowers  showy,  in 
umbels,  the  bracts  falling  as  the  flower  opens. 

a.  R.  Califor'nicum  Hook.  ROSE  BAY.  Shrub  with  smooth  ever- 
green leaves.  Flowers  rose-color,  numerous,  in  a  terminal  umbel. 
Upper  lobes  of  the  corolla  yellowish  and  spotted  within.  This 
is  a  beautiful  shrub  of  northern  California,  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington, often  growing  in  patches  covering  acres.  It  is  the  State 
Flower  of  Washington. 


124  KEY   AND   FLORA 

b.  R.  occidenta'le  Gray.  AZALEA.  Shrub  with  bright-green  decid- 
uous leaves.  Flowers  large,  fragrant,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  in 
numerous  umbels.  Corolla  viscid,  white  or  rose-color,  the  upper 
lobes  blotched  with  yellow  within.  Stamens  and  styles  very  long. 
This  is  found  along  streams  in  both  the  Coast  and  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains. 

VI.    LE'DUM,  Labrador  Tea 

Shrub  with  alternate,  evergreen  leaves  more  or  less  covered 
ivith  resinous  dots.  Flowers  white,  in  corymbs  or  umbels. 
Calyx  5-lobed,  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovate,  widely  spread- 
ing petals.  Stamens  5-l"0,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Pod 
5-celled,  with  5  valves  opening  from  the  base  upwards. 

a.  L.  glandulo'sum  Nutt.      Leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,   but  paler 
and  more  glandular  beneath.     Flower  clusters  often  crowded,  terminal 
or  axillary.    This  is  common  at  high  elevations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  on  the  coast  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

b.  L.  latifo'lium  Ait.     Leaves  densely  white-woolly  beneath,  becoming 
brownish,  margins  with  the  edges  turned  back,  oblong,  obtuse,  1-2  in. 
long,  £   in.   wide.     Flower   clusters    all  terminal.     Northern    Cali- 
fornia to  British  Columbia. 


VII.    CHIMAPH'ILA,  Prince's  Pine 

Herbs  with  low  stems  from  slender  rootstocks.  Leaves 
evergreen,  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  toothed.  Flowers 
few,  fragrant,  waxy-looking,  in  terminal  corymbs.  Petals  5, 
widely  spreading,  regular,  orbicular,  concave.  Stamens  10, 
on  short  filaments  which  are  dilated  and  hairy  in  the  middle. 
Stigma  round-shield-shaped,  concealing  the  short  style,  5-rayed. 
Pod  splitting  from  the  top  downwards,  not  woolly  on  the  edges 
of  the  valves. 

a.  C.  umbella'ta  Nutt.  Stems  about  6  in.  to  a  foot  high,  with 
the  leaves  often  in  whorls,  not  spotted.  Peduncle  4-7-flowered, 
with  the  bracts  narrow  and  deciduous ;  filaments  hairy  on  the  margins 
only.  California  to  British  Columbia. 

b.  C.  Menzie'sii  vSpreng.  Stems  about  6  in.  high,  with  a  few 
branches  from  the  base.  Leaves  sometimes  mottled  with  white. 
Peduncles  1-3-flowered.  Filaments  slender,  with  a  woolly  dilated  cen- 
tral part.  California  to  British  Columbia. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  125 


Vm.    PYR'OLA,  Wintergreen 

Herbs  with  radical  leaves  and  flowers  nodding  in  racemes, 
on  scapes.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  with  5  incurved  petals. 
Stamens  10,  usually  declined.  Anthers  erect  in  bud,  2-horned 
at  base,  but  becoming  inverted  when  the  flowers  expand.  Style 
declined  or  straight.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  down  the 
middle  of  the  cell  walls  on  the  back. 

a.  P.  rotundifo'lia  L.    Leaves  round,  shining  or  dull,  on  long  peti- 
oles.    Scapes  from  6  in.  to  a  foot  high.     Flowers  white,  pink  or 
rose-color,    almost   £  in.  in   diameter.     Anthers   narrowed   at  top. 
Style  declined,  with  a  collar  at  base  of  the  stigma.     In  wet  places 
in  the  mountains,  widely  distributed. 

b.  P.  pic'ta  Smith.     Leaves  orbicular,  thick,  veined  or  blotched  with 
white,  often  purplish  beneath.     Scapes  about  6  in.  high,  7— 15-flowered. 
Petals  greenish  white,  longer  than  the  sepals.     Northern  California 
to  Alaska. 

c.  P.  aphyl'la  Smith.     Lea/less  or  with  a  few  small,  poorly  formed 
leaves.     Scapes  reddish,  6  in.  high.     Flowers  similar  to  the  above, 
rose~color.     In  deep  woods  from  California  to  Washington. 


PRIMULA'CEJE.     PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  perfect,  regular  flowers,  parts  of  the  calyx  and 
corolla  5  (sometimes  4,  6,  or  8).  Stamens  equaling  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Pistil  with  a  single  style  and  stigma,  the  ovary 
1-celled,  with  a  globular  central  placenta. 

I.    DODECA'THEON,  Twelve  Gods,  Shooting  Stars,  Prairie  Pointers, 
Cyclamen 

Herbs  with  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scape. 
Flowers  showy,  in  simple,  terminal  umbels.  Calyx  5-cleft, 
with  the  divisions  reflexed  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  Corolla 
with  an  extremely  short  tube,  an  open  throat,  and  5  reflexed 
narrow  divisions,  which  are  white,  rose-color  or  purple.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  ivith  short  monadel- 
phous  filaments,  and  long  yellow  or  violet  anthers  conniving 
around  the  long  style  and  forming  the  point  of  the  flower. 


126  KEY  AND  FLORA 

a.  D.  Henderso'ni  Gray.  Roots  becoming  small  tubers  and  each 
forming  a  new  plant.  Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  smooth,  on  broad 
petioles.  Scape  6-12  in.  high.  Divisions  of  corolla  4  or  5,  rose- 
purple  ;  tube  darker,  with  a  ring  of  yellow..  Anthers  erect.  Pod 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  opening  by  a  lid  below  the  summit. 
This  is  the  commonest  species  in  early  spring  on  hillsides  of  the 
Coast  Mountains,  and  extends  from  middle  California  to  Oregon. 

b.  D.  Clevelan'di  Greene.  Roots  somewhat  fleshy,  but  not  forming 
tubers.  Stems  and  leaves  pale  green  and  glandular.  Leaves  ascend- 
ing, spatulate  or  obovate.  Divisions  of  corolla  bright  purple,  yellow 
at  base;  tube  dark  purple  with  yellow  lines.  Pods  opening  by  a 
lid  at  top.  Southern  California. 

There  are  several  other  species,  chiefly  growing  in  the 
higher  mountains. 

II.    TRIENTA'LIS,  Star-flower 

Low  perennial  herbs  from  tuber-bearing,  slender  rootstocks. 
Stems  simple,  with  the  leaves  in  a  whorl  below  the  flowers. 
Flowers  small,  star-shaped,  on  slander  pedicels.  Calyx  and 
corolla  7-parted  (sometimes  6-9-parted),  with  divisions  widely 
spreading.  Stamens  with  slender  filaments  united  into  a  ring 
at  the  base.  Capsule  splitting  into  five  parts,  with  few  seeds. 

T.  Europae'a  var.  latifo'lia  Torr.  This  grows  in  the  woods  and 
blooms  in  the  spring.  The  petals  are  white  or  rose-color. 

III.     STEIRONE'MA 

Stems  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  or  whorled. 
Flowers  yellow,  axillary,  nodding  on  slender  pedicels.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  apparently  with  petals  distinct,  each  division 
wrapped  around  its  stamen  in  the  bud.  Filaments  united 
around  the  base  of  the  corolla  in  a  ring,  evert/  alternate  one 
being  sterile.  Capsule  many-seeded. 

S.  cilia'tum  Raf.  Stem  simple.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4  in. 
long,  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  base,  with  long  ciliate 
petioles.  In  moist  thickets.  Washington.  Summer. 

IV.    ANAGAI/LIS,  Pim'pernel,  Poor  Man's  Barometer 

Spreading  or  prostrate  annuals,  with  stem  leaves  opposite 
or  whorled.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  salmon-color,  with 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  127 

a  darker  spot  in  the  center  (rarely  blue  or  white)  ;  calyx  and 
corolla  wheel-shaped.  Filaments  bearded.  Capsule  globose, 
the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid. 

A.  arven'sis  L.     This  is  common  everywhere,  and  has  been  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 


PLUMB  AGIN  A'CEJE,  SEA  PINK  FAMILY 

Ours  are  maritime  herbs,  with  all  parts  of  the  flower  5, 
except  the  1-celled,  1-ovuled  ovary.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,- 
clasping  the  stem.  Calyx  tubular  or  funnel-form,  5-toothed. 
Corolla  with  5  petals,  united  at  base  into  a  ring.  Stamens 
5,  opposite  the  petals,  and  inserted  at  their  base.  Ovary 
5-angled  at  summit,  with  1  ovule  ;  styles  5. 

I.    ARME'RIA,  Thrift 

Stemless  perennials,  with  narrow,  linear,  persistent  leaves 
in  close  tufts.  Flowers  in  a  head  subtended  by  an  involucre, 
on  a  long  scape.  Corolla  5-parted,  of  5  distinct  petals. 

A.  vulga'ris  Willd.  SEA  PINK.  Corolla  rose-color.  This  is  com- 
mon along  the  coast,  blooming  in  spring. 

H.    STAT1CE,  Sea  Lavender 

Flowers  in  small  one-sided  spikes  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the 
numerous  widely  spreading  branches.  Leaves  with  a  broad, 
tough  blade  tapering  to  a  petiole. 

S.  Limo'nium  L.  var.  Califor'nica  Watson.  SEA  LAVENDER. 
Corolla  violet.  This  is  common  in  salt  marshes,  blooming  in 
summer. 

OLEA'CEJE.     ASH  FAMILY 

Trees  or  shrubs  having  opposite  leaves  without  stipules. 
Corolla  2  or  4  lobed.  Stamens  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2 
ovules  hanging  from  the  top  of  each  cell.  Fruit  often  1-celled 


128  KEY   AND   FLORA 

and  1-seeded,  either  a  stone  fruit,  as  the  olive  ;  a  pod,  as  the 
lilac  ;  or  a  winged  fruit,  as  the  ash. 

FRAXONUS,  Ash 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  compound  leaves  and  dioecious  or 
polygamous  flowers.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft.  Petals  2  or  none. 
Stamens  2,  with  large  anthers.  Fruit  winged  from  the  top. 

a.  F.  dipet'ala  Hook.  &  Arn.     FLOWERING  ASH.     A  small  tree 
or  shrub  with  5-7  separate  leaflets  on  petioles.     Flowers  showy,  in 
panicles.     Calyx  4-toothed.     Petals  2,  white,  as  long  as  the  anthers. 
This  grows  along  streams  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  F.  Orega'na   Nutt.     OREGON  ASH.     A  large  tree  with  dark- 
colored  bark.     Leaflets  5-7,  entire,  sessile,  usually  tomentose  when 
young,  becoming  smooth  with  age.     Flowers  without  petals.     From 
Fresno  County,  in  the  mountains,  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

GENTIANA'CE^.     GENTIAN  FAMILY 

Glabrous  herbs  with  entire  opposite  leaves  without  stipules. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  its 
tube,  and  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Stigmas  2,  sessile  or 
on  one  style.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  with  2  parietal  placentae 
dehiscent  at  the  partitions.  Seeds  with  abundant  endosperm 
arouncl  the  minute  embryo. 

CENTAURIUM  (ERYTHR^A),  Canchalagua 

Low,  much-branched  herbs,  with  numerous  showy  flowers 
in  cymes.  Corolla  rose-color,  salver-form-,  with  lobes  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Anthers  twisting  spirally  after  the  pollen 
is  shed.  Stigmas  at  first  united,  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped, 
afterwards  spreading. 

C.  venus'tum  (Gray).  Corolla  deep  pink,  with  yellow  center;  divi- 
sions half  as  long  as  the  tube.  This  is  the  handsomest  and  most 
widely  distributed  species. 

(True  gentians  are  rare  in  California,  and  are  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  high  mountains.) 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  129 


ASCLEPIADA'CE.a£.     MILKWEED  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice  and  a  tough  inner  bark  having  a 
fiber  like  flax.  Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  peculiar  in 
shape,  in  umbels.  Sepals  and  petals  each  5,  reflexed.  Anthers 
forming  a  crown  united  to  the  solid  stigma,  and  with  peculiar 
hood-like  appendages  surrounding  it.  The  anther  cells  are 
orange  in  color,  and  are  concealed  in  the  crown,  and  have 
the  outline  of  a  pair  of  scales.  Fruit  a  pod,  opening  at  one 
side.  Seed's  arranged  symmetrically  on  a  thick  axis,  each 
provided  with  a  tuft  of  silky  down. 

I.    ASCLETIAS,  Silkweed,  Milkweed 

The  five  hoods  of  the  stamens  are  each  provided  with  a 
protruding  horn. 

a.  A.  specio'sa  Torr.     Covered  with  white  down.     Stems  stout, 
erect,  with  large,  thick,  oblong  leaves,  opposite  or  whorled.     Umbels 
on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered.    Flowers  large, 
purple ;  the  hoods  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  spreading,  with  a  horn- 
like prolongation  from  the  summit ;  besides  the  short,  indexed  true  horn. 
Follicles  rough  with  soft  spinous  processes.     California  to  Washington. 
This  is  inclined  to  become  a  troublesome  weed. 

b.  A.  Mexica'na  Cav.     Stems  rather  slender,  3-6  ft.  high.     Leaves 
in    whorls  of   3-6,  linear,    sessile,   smooth,   3-6   in.   long.     Umbels 
clustered  to  form  a  corymb,  densely  flowered  on  peduncles  longer 
than  the  petioles.     Flowers  rather  small,  greenish  white  or  tinged 
with  purple.     Hoods  broadly  ovate,  shorter  than  the  beak-like,  incurved 
horn.     Follicles  slender,  tapering  to  the  top.     California  to  Oregon, 
spreading  as  if  introduced,  along  highways. 

H.    GOMPHOCAR'PUS 

The  five  hoods  are  without  horns. 

G.  cordifo'lius  Benth.  Smooth,  with  ascending  stems,  2-3  ft.  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  opposite  or  some- 
times in  threes.  Umbels  1-4,  with  the  flowers  loose,  on  thread-like 
pedicels.  Corolla  dark  red-purple.  Horns  tipped  with  a  point 
where  the  open  edges  come  together.  Follicles  smooth,  inclined 


130  KEY  AND   FLORA 

to  be  erect,  on  deflexed  pedicels.  This  is  common  in  California, 
blooming  in  late  summer,  and  growing  in  dry  ground  in  the  valleys 
and  foothills. 

APOCYNA'CE^.     DOGBANE  FAMILY 

Perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice  and  opposite  entire  leaves 
without  stipules.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  corymbs,  regular,  all 
the  parts  5,  except  the  pistil,  which  consists  of  2  ovaries,  with 
the  styles  and  stigmas  united.  Fruit  a  pair  of  slender  folli- 
cles. Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  silky  down. 

APOC'YNUM,   Indian  Hemp,  Dogbane 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  with  5  scales  opposite  the  lobes 
and  near  their  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  with  short  filaments  and  arrow-shaped  anthers, 
uniting  into  a  ring. 

a.  A.  androssemifo'lium  L.     Corolla  rose-color,  with  revolute  lobes 
and  a  bell-shaped  tube   longer  than  the  calyx.     This  is  generally 
much    branched,    and   the  .flowers    are    numerous    in    loose    cymes. 
Widely  distributed. 

b.  A.  cannab'inum  L.      Corolla  white,  with  erect  lobes,   and  the 
tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Flowers  small,  in  dense  cymes. 
This  grows  in  marshy  places.     Widely  distributed. 

POLEMONIA'CE^.     PHLOX  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  simple  or  divided,  with- 
out stipules.  All  parts  of  the  flower  5,  except  the  pistil, 
which  has  a  3-lobed  style  and  a  3-celled  ovary  with  axillary 
placenta.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with 
its  lobes.  Embryo  with  endosperm. 

GII/IA 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  various,  alternate  or  oppo- 
site. Calyx  partly  herbaceous,  generally  papery  below  the 
folds,  with  lobes  narrow  and  acute.  Corolla  from  funnel-form 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  131 

and  salver-shaped  to  bell-shaped  and  wheel-shaped.  The 
seeds  generally  become  mucilaginous  when  wet.  The  flowers 
are  showy,  and  among  our  most  characteristic  spring  annuals  ; 
the  species  are  numerous,  and  are  not  always  easily  distin- 
guished. Only  the  most  distinct  and  common  are  given. 

a.  G.    grandiflo'ra    Dougl.       SALMON-COLOR    GILIA    (Collo'mia). 
Flowers  crowded  at  the    summit   of    an    erect   stem;    corolla  pale 
salmon-color,    with  the    tube   nearly  an    inch  long  and   the  border 
almost  as  broad.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  G.   squarro'sa  Esch.     SKUNKWEED   (Navarre'tia).     Stems  low, 
branching    diffusely,  viscid.     Leaves  and  bracts  pinnately  parted, 
with  spiny  divisions.     Flowers  small,  deep  blue.     This  blooms  late 
in  the  summer.      The  ichole  plant  has  the  odor  of  the  skunk.     Widely 
distributed. 

c.  G.  tricolor  Benth.     BIRD'S  EYES.     Stems  slender,  branching. 
Corolla  £  in.  long,   with  a  yellow  tube,  the  funnel-form  throat  marked 
with  deep  violet-purple,  and  the  limb  white  or  lilac.     It  is  sweet-scented 
and  very  pretty.     Throughout  western  California. 

d.  G.   dicho'toma  Benth.     EVENING    SNOW    (Linan'thus).     Erect 
a'nd  branching  herbs  with  very  slender  stems.     The  leaves  are  few, 
small,  and  far  apart.     Flowers  large,  terminating  the  peduncles^  salver- 
form,  with  the  divisions  convolute  in  the  bud,  showing  only  the  dull-pink 
outer  edges,  opening  about  4  o'clock.     Where  they  are  abundant  they 
look  like  snow  on  the  ground.     The  white  flowers  are  often  more 
than   an    inch   in    diameter,    and    have   a   sweet,   heavy   perfume. 
Throughout  western  California. 

e.  G.    androsa'ceus     Benth.     (Linan'thus).      Steins     leafy,    with 
palmately  parted  leaves,  apparently  whorled,  with  thread-like  divi- 
sions.     Flowers    crowded    in    a   terminal    cluster.       Corolla   salver- 
form,  with  a  long,  slender  tube,  rose-color,  lilac  or  white.     This  is  a 
handsome  and  widely  distributed  species,  but  variable  and  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  allied  species. 

/.  G.  micran'tha  Steud.  Smaller  in  all  its  parts  than  the  pre- 
ceding, with  the  tube  of  the  corolla  long  and  thread-like,  l-lj'in. 
long.  Flowers  small,  rose-color,  white,  or  lilac.  Common  through 
California. 

g.  G.  cilia'ta  Benth.  Stems  slender,  erect,  clothed  with  white 
hairs.  Flowers  and  bracts  in  a  dense,  capitate  cluster,  very  hispid 
and  ciliate.  Corolla  small,  pink  or  white,  extending  beyond  the 
bracts  but  little.  This  is  widely  distributed  through  California, 
and  common. 

h.  G.  dianthoi'des  Endl.  FRINGED  GILIA.  Stems  from  an  inch 
to  less  than  a  foot  high,  simple  or  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves 
thread-like.  Corolla  pink,  with  yellowish  throat  and  very  short  tube. 


132  KEY   AND   FLORA 

The  corolla  lobes  are  fringe-toothed.  This  is  common  in  southern 
California,  and  is  one  of  the  prettiest  spring  annuals. 

i.  G.  Califor'nica  Benth.  Shrubby,  2  or  8  ft.  high,  with  rigid 
branches.  Leaves  with  spiny  divisions,  widely  spreading,  clustered. 
Corolla  rose-color,  fading  to  lilac,  salver-form,  with  the  border  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter,  the  lobes  often  shortly  fringed  on  the 
margin.  This  is  common  in  southern  California,  chiefly  on  dry 
hills.  It  is  very  showy,  with  its  numerous  flowers,  like  those  of 
phlox,  in  dense  clusters  terminating  the  branches. 

/.  G.  aggrega'ta  Spreng.  SCARLET  GILIA,  WILD  CYPRESS. 
Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched,  viscid.  Leaves  compound,  with 
narrow,  linear  leaflets.  Flowers  in  a  close  panicle.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  nearly  1  in.  long,  scarlet,  pink  or  white,  extremely  variable  in 
color.  This  grows  in  the  mountains  or  near  streams  on  the  plains. 
Summer. 

CONVOLVULA'CE.^.     MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY 

Twining  or  trailing  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  flowers 
solitary  or  few,  on  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx 
of  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  alternating  with  the  parts  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  2  or  3  celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Capsule  globular,  containing  1-4  seeds. 


I.    CONVOI/VULUS,  Morning-glory 

Corolla  open  funnel-form,  with,  the  border  5-angled.  Sta- 
mens inserted  within  the  tube.  Style  slender.  Stigmas  2. 
Capsule  2-celled  and  generally  4-seeded,  with  dehiscent  septi- 
fragal  dehiscence  (the  valves  separate  from  the  partition). 
Cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed  with  some 
en'dosperm. 

a.  C.  Soldanel'la  L.     SEASIDE  MORNING-GLORY.     Low  and  trail- 
ing herbs,  with  stem  and  leaves  fleshy.     Leaves  kidney-shaped,  on  long 
petioles.     Bracts  of  the  peduncle  close  to  the  calyx,  thin  in  texture. 
Corolla  pink  or  purple,  an  inch  or  more  in  length.     Pod  becoming 
1-celled.     This  grows  on  sandy  beaches. 

b.  C.    villo'sus    Gray.      Stems  trailing.      Leaves   hastate.     Bracts 
narrow,  close  under  the  calyx.      Corolla  cream-color,  an  inch  long. 
The    entire  plant    is    covered    with    a   close,   soft,   velvety,  white   down. 
Throughout  California,  but  not  very  common. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  133 

c.  C.  lute'olus  Gray.  Stems  often  twining  over  high  bushes, 
smooth,  blooming  at  all  seasons.  Peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
with  a  pair  of  linear  or  lanceolate  bracts  a  little  below  the  flower  (no 
bracts  directly  under  the  calyx).  Corolla  pale  cream-color,  or 
(when  growing  near  the  coast)  light  or  deep  rose-color.  Through- 
out California. 

H.    CUS'CUTA,  Dodder,  Love  Vine 

Parasitic  plants  with  yellow  or  orange  stems,  scales  in  place  of 
leaves,  and  densely  clustered  small  white  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft 
or  parted.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  tubular.  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  with  fringed  scales  below.  Ovary 
2-celled,  containing  4  ovules.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Embryo  with- 
out cotyledons,  thread-like,  spirally  coiled  in  hard  endosperm. 
The  seeds  germinate  in  the  soil,  but  do  not  form  roots  there. 
Instead,  they  attach  themselves  to  the  other  plants  by  means  of 
little  roots,  and  take  all  their  nourishment  from  their  hosts. 

a.  C.  sali'na  Engelm.     SALT-MARSH  DODDER.     Corolla  having  a 
shallow   bell-shaped    tube.      Capsule   pointed.       This    grows    in   salt 
marshes  on  plants  belonging  to  the   Chenopodiacece. 

b.  C.  subinclu'sa  Durand  &  Hilgard.     Corolla  with  a  rather  long, 
urn-shaped  tube.     Capsule  conical.     This  grows  on  shrubs  or  coarse 
herbs. 

HYDROPHYLLA'CE^.     BABY-EYES  FAMILY 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  without  stip- 
ules (rarely  opposite).  Flowers  in  coiled  spikes  or  racemes, 
usually  showy.  Calyx  5-parted,  or  of  5  separate  sepals. 
Corolla  5-lobed.  Stamens  on  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes  and  shorter.  Styles  2  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  1  or 
2  celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  splitting  along  the  back  of 
each  valve. 

I.    HYDROPHYL'LUM,  Waterleaf 

Herbs  from  fleshy,  running  rootstocks.  Leaves  large,  alter- 
nate, pinnately  compound.  Flowers  white  or  blue,  in  close  or 
open  cymes,  on  long  peduncles.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  a 
honey-gland  at  the  base  of  each  lobe.  Stamens  and  style 
longer  than  the  corolla,  filaments  bearded  at  the  middle, 
Styles  2-cleft.  Ovary  1-celled. 


134  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  H.  occidenta'le   Gray.     Stems   perennial,    1-2  ft.  high,    hairy. 
Leaves  broad,  pinnately  divided  ;    divisions  7-15,  oblong,    1-2  in. 
long,  the  apex  cut  into  long,  uneven  teeth,  obtuse.     Cymes  on  long 
peduncles,  densely  flowered.     Calyx  with  erect,  narrow,  lanceolate, 
obtuse    divisions.       Corolla    pale    violet   or    white.       California    to 
Washington. 

b.  H.  capita'tum  Dougl.      BEAR'S  CABBAGE.      Low,  from  many 
fleshy   roots.       Leaves   pinnately    5-7-parted  or  divided,   with   the 
divisions  2-3-lobed  or  cleft  into  oblong,  mucronate  lobes,  soft-hairy, 
broadly  ovate  in  outline,  2-3  in.  long.     Flowers  densely  clustered 
in  close  cymes  like  heads,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles. 
Calyx  clothed  with  stiff  hairs.      Corolla  dull  white  or  violet.     From 
California,  in  the  mountains  at  rather  high  elevations,  to  Washing- 
ton.    It  comes  up  and  blooms  very  soon  after  the  snow  melts. 


II.     NEMO'PHILA 

Annual  herbs,  flowering  very  early,  with  the  leaves  pin- 
nately lobed  or  divided,  the  lowest  leaves  opposite.  Flowers 
solitary,  on  long  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx 
5-parted,  with  a  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus,  enlarging  and 
covering  the  fruit.  Corolla  generally  saucer-shaped,  the  throat 
within  having  10  scales.  Style  2-cleft.-  Capsule  1-celled. 

a.  N.  aurfta  Lindl.     CLIMBING  NEMOPHILA.     Stems  succulent, 
long  and  weak,  clinging  for  support  to  other  plants  by  means  of 
stiff  reflexed  bristles.     Leaves  deeply  cut  into  5-9  lobes,  curved  down- 
wards,  dilated   at   base,  and  auriculate.      Corolla  violet,   the    throat 
purplish.     Southward  from  San  Francisco. 

b.  N.  macula'ta    Benth.     Low    annuals,   growing   in    the    higher 
Sierras.     Corolla  while,  with  a  violet  spot  on  each  lobe. 

c.  N.  insig'nis  Dougl.     BABY-BLUE-EYES.     Low,  spreading,  grow- 
ing in  sandy  places.      Corolla  clear  blue,  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter. 
This  is  the  commonest  species. 

d.  N.  atoma'ria  Fisch.  &  Meyer.     Low,  spreading,  growing  in  wet 
places.      Corolla  white,  dotted  with  dark  purple. 

e.  N.   interme'dia   Bioletti.     Taller  than   the  last   two,    growing 
amid  the  brush.     Corolla  light  Hue,  with  lines  and  dots  radiating  to 
the  center. 

m.    ELLIS1A 

Leaves  once  or  twice  divided.  Flowers  small  and  white. 
Calyx  without  the  reflexed  lobes.  Corolla  generally  shorter, 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  135 

or  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  enlarges  under  the 
fruit.     Style  2-cleft.     Capsule  1-celled. 

a.  E.  membrana'cea  Benth.      Stems   succulent,    light-green,   smooth 
except  for  some  stiff  bristly  hairs  that  sometimes  help  support  the  weak 
stems.     Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-9  obtuse,  linear  divisions 
with  margined  petioles.     This  generally  grows  in  shady  and  damp 
places.     From  middle  California  to  San  Diego. 

b.  E.  chrysanthemifo'lia  Benth.     Stems  much  branched.     Leaves 
2  or  3  times  divided  into  small  and  short  divisions.     Flowers  in  loose 
racemes  on  short,  slender  pedicels.     From  middle  California  to  San 
Diego. 

IV.    PHACE'LIA 

Herbs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  flowers  in 
loosely  or  closely  coiled  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  deeply 
5-parted,  without  reflexed  lobes.  Corolla  readily  falling, 
blue,  white,  or  purple  (rarely  rose-color),  from  wheel- 
shaped  to  funnel-form,  with  vertical  scales  attached  between 
the  bases  of  the  filaments,  sometimes  attached  to  the  fila- 
ments. Pistil  with  2-cleft  style  and  2-celled  ovary.  Seeds  4 
to  many. 

a.  P.    circina'ta  Jacq.      Perennial  from  a   stout  root,  a  foot  or 
two  high.     Leaves  grayish  green,  hairy,  simple,  or  the  lowest  compound 
with  1  or  2  pairs  of  leaflets.     Spikes  crowded,  conspicuously  coiled. 
Corolla   small,    whitish   or    lilac.      Stamens  conspicuous.      This   is 
found  in  many  forms  and  is  widely  distributed. 

b.  P.   divarica'ta  Gray.     Annual,  low,  with  spreading  branches 
inclined  to  be  prostrate.     Leaves  oblong  on  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades,  simple  or  with  1  or  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  the  base.     Flowers  in 
loose  racemes,  corolla  bluish  purple,  f  in.  in  diameter. 

c.  P.  Menzie'sii  Ton.     Stems   6-10   in.   high,   branching  above, 
gray  with    a  close  pubescence  and  rough  with  stiff  hairs.     Leaves 
linear,  entire  or  cleft  into,  linear  lobes.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  spike- 
like  racemes  which  are  clustered  to  form   close  panicles.     Corolla 
violet  or  white,  half  inch  or  more  in'*  diameter,  with  long,  narrow 
appendages  at  base,  free  from  the  filaments.     Pod  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  with  several  seeds.     From  California,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  British  Columbia. 

The  species  are  numerous,  and  many  are  local ;  nearly  all 
are  beautiful,  with  conspicuous  flowers. 


136  KEY   AND   FLOKA 


V.    EMMENAN'THE,  Whispering  Bells 

This  chiefly  differs  from  Phacelia  in  the  corolla,  which  is 
bell-shaped,  withering-persistent,  and  becoming  papery,  yellow 
or  yellowish  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  pink. 

E.  penduliflo'ra  Benth.  Annual,  simple  up  to  the  inflorescence 
or  branched  diffusely  from  the  base,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high. 
The  leaves  are  divided  into  numerous  short,  toothed  or  sharply  cut 
lobes.  The  racemes  are  panicled,  with  the'  bell-shaped  flpwers  on 
slender  pedicels  that  are  at  first  erect,  but  afterwards  droop.  This 
grows  in  dry  places  from  Lake  County  to  San  Diego. 


VI.    ERIODIC'TYON,  Yerba  Santa 

Low-branching  erect  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  dentate, 
petioled,  with  the  chief  nerves  pinnate,  and  the  others  form- 
ing a  network.  Flowers  in  cymes,  coiled  at  the  tips,  and 
generally  collected  in  terminal  clusters.  Corolla  funnel-form, 
violet,  purple,  or  white,  without  internal  scales.  Stamens 
with  filaments  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Styles  2, 
distinct  at  the  base.  Capsule  pointed,  2-celled,  splitting  on  the 
back  and  at  the  sides  into  4  hard,  thick  half-valves. 

a.  E.  tomento'sum  Benth.     The  entire  plant  is  white  or  rusty, 
with  a  dense  coat  of  short  woolly  down.     Southern  California. 

b.  E.  glutino'sum  Benth.     This  is  rather  smooth  and  viscid,  with 
a  balsamic  exudation.     Throughout  the  Coast  Mountains. 


VII.    HESPEROCHFRON 

Dwarf,  stemless  perennials  with  entire,  spatulate,  or  oblong 
leaves.  Flowers  on  .naked,  slender  peduncles,  shorter  than 
the,  leaves,  from  the  leaf  axils.  Calyx  and  corolla  with  the 
parts  5-7,  the  former  with  linear-lanceolate  lobes  which  are 
sometimes  unequal,  the  latter  rotate  or  campanulate,  white 
or  purplish,  with  hairy  base.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  corolla  with  hairy  filaments.  Ovary  cone-shaped,  some- 
what adnate  to  the  calyx,  tapering  to  the  rather  stout  style  which 
is  %-cleft  at  apex,  with  small  stigmas.  Ovary  1-celled,  Seeds 
many. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  137 

a.  H.  Calif or'nicus  Watson.     Leaves  many  in  a  cluster  at  base. 
Corolla  oblong-campanulate,  with  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  about 
half  an  inch  long.     From  California  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Wash- 
ington ;  blooming  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts. 

b.  H.  pu'milus  Porter.     Leaves  fewer.     Corolla  nearly  rotate,  its 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube  ichich  is  densely  bearded  within,  about  half  an 
inch  across.     Same  range  and  time  of  blooming  as  the  preceding. 

BORRAGINA'CEJE,  BORAGE  FAMILY 

Herbs  usually  with  stems  and  leaves,  rough-hairy.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  without  stipules.  Flowers  in  panicles, 
cymes,  or  racemes,  coiled  at  the  tips,  usually  on  one  side  of 
the  peduncles.  Calyx  5-parted  or  cleft.  Corolla  salver-form. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternating  with 
its  lobes.  Ovules  4,  solitary,  at  the  base  of  the  simple  style, 
usually  all  ripening  into  4  nutlets.  The  coiled  flower  clusters 
become  straight  as  the  flowers  open. 

I.    HELIOTRCXPIUM,  Heliotrope 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form.  Stamens  with  short 
filaments  or  none,  and  anthers  sometimes  cohering  by  their 
pointed  tips.  Style  simple  or  none,  with  an  umbrella-shaped 
stigma.  Seeds  with  endosperm. 

H.  Curassa'vicum  L.  Smooth,  glaucous,  succulent,  prostrate 
herbs,  growing  in  moist,  salty  or  alkaline  places.  Flowers  white  or 
pale  violet  in  dense  spikes,  which  are  generally  2-forked.  Widely 
distributed. 

H.    AMSINCK'IA,  Fiddle-neck,  Woolly  Breeches 

Hairy  annuals,  with  conspicuous  yellow  or  orange  flowers  in 
curved  spikes  or  racemes  without  bracts.  Many  are  covered  with 
bristly  hairs  that  have  a  pustulate  base.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  with  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  with  short  filaments  included  in  the  corolla.  'Stigmas 
2-lobed,  capitate.  Nutlets  ovate-triangular,  attached  above 
the  base  to  a  narrow  pyramidal  column  called  the  gynobase. 
The  species  are  difficult  to  distinguish. 


138  KEY   AND   FLORA 


III.     CYNOGLOS'SUM,  Hound's  Tongue,  Forget-me-not 

Calyx  5-parted,  open  in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular  or  salver-form, 
with  conspicuous  crests  in  the  throat.  Nutlets  4)  covered  over 
the  back  with  short,  stout  prickles  with  barbed  tips,  forming  burs. 
These  are  rather  coarse  perennials,  with  large  leaves  and 
thick  roots. 

C.  gran'de  Dougl.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  branching  above. 
Leaves  mostly  at  the  base  on  long  petioles,  oblong-ovate.  Flowers  in 
panicled  racemes  on  a  long  naked  peduncle.  Corolla  similar  to 
the  fcrget-me-not,  but  larger,  at  first  pinkish,  with  white  crests  in 
the  tnroat,  turning  blue  after  pollination.  Monterey  County  to 
Washington. 

IV.    MERTEN'SIA,  Bluebells 

Stems  erect,  leafy,  not  hispid,  sometimes  smooth.  Leaves 
broad,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lower  petioled.  Flowers 
nodding,  in  cymes  or  panicled  racemes.  Corolla  blue,  often 
turning  pink  after  pollination,  trumpet-shaped  or  bell-shaped, 
with  folds  in  the  throat.  Nutlets  sessile,  on  aflat  or  slightly 
convex  receptacle. 

a.  M.  oblongifo'lia  Don.     Stems  about  a  foot  high,  almost  smooth. 
Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  spatulate,  rather  succulent  and  with 
veins  scarcely  evident.      Corolla  blue,  with  tube  twice  as  long  as  the 
border,  together  about  half  an  inch  long.     Flowers  in  a  close,  terminal 
cluster.     Stamens  with  the  filaments  as  broad  as  the  anthers  and 
about  the  same  length,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.     Bloom- 
ing in  early  spring,  growing  on  moist  banks.     Oregon  to  British 
Columbia. 

b.  M.  panicula'ta  Don.     Stems  1-5  ft.  high,  more  or  less  rough 
with  pubescence.     Leaves  broad,  veiny,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 
Flowers  blue,   in   loosely  panicled  racemes.      Corolla  tube  but  little 
longer  than  the  border,  about  as  long  as  the  hairy,  linear,  calyx  divisions, 
together  a  half  inch   or  more  in  length.     From  Washington  to  the 
Arctic  regions. 

(Most  of  the  other  genera  are  in  a  state  of  confusion,  because 
of  the  differences  of  opinion  among  botanists.  The  differ- 
ences between  them  lie  chiefly  in  the  seeds,  and  they  are 
difficult  to  distinguish.) 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  139 


LABIA'TJE,  MINT  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  4-angled  stems  and  opposite  leaves. 
Flowers  generally  in  whorls,  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  Calyx  ribbed,  with  many  nerves.  Corolla  2-lipped. 
Stamens  4  in  two  sets,  2  often  sterile.  Fruit  of  4  nutlets 
around  a  simple  style.  These  plants  are  generally  aromatic. 

I.     MEN'THA,  Mint 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  short  tube,  naked  within, 
and  4-cleft  border,  scarcely  2-lipped,  but  with  the  upper  lobe 
broadest.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect,  distant,  flowers 
small,  white  or  purplish,  in  whorls.  Aromatic  and  sweet- 
scented  herbs.  (There  are  several  cultivated  species.) 

a.  M.  Canaden'sis  L.     Flowers  all  in  axillary  whorls,  the  summit 
of  the  stem  being  flowerless.     Calyx  hairy.     Common  in  damp  places. 

b.  M.   Pule'gium   L.     Covered  with   a   \\hite-woolly  pubescence. 
Calyx   slightly   2-lipped,    10-ribbed,   the   throat  closed  with  hairs. 
Recently  introduced,  but  spreading  rapidly. 

H.    MONARDEL'LA 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  short,  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  the 
throat  naked  within.  Corolla  with  the  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx,  smooth  within  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  one  3-parted, 
with  flat,  oblong-linear  lobes.  Stamens  J±,  projecting  beyond 
the  corolla.  Flowers  in  terminal  heads  having  conspicuous 
involucres. 

a.  M.  villo'sa  Benth.     Perennial  herbs  with  many  stems  from  a 
woody  base,  soft-hairy.     Leaves  ovate,  strongly  veined.     Bracts  of  the 
involucre  similar  to  the  leaves.     Flowers  flesh-color,  white,  or  most 
frequently  purple.     Widely  distributed,  afid  blooming  at  all  seasons. 

b.  M.   odoratis'sima    Benth.     Perennial  with  several  stems  from 
a  woody  root,   6-12  in.   high,  pale  green  or  gray  with  a  minute 
pubescence.     Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire,  on  short  petioles,  with 
veins  inconspicuous.     Bracts  thin  and  membranous,  veiny,  white  or 
purple.     Calyx  teeth  hairy.     Common  in  the  mountains  of  Cali- 
fornia and  extending  to  Washington. 


1.40  KEY   AND    FLORA 

c.  M.  lanceola'ta  Gray.     Annual,  with  stems  loosely  branching,  a 
foot  or  more  high,   green   and  almost  smooth.     Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole.     Bracts  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,    with    cross    veinlets    between    the  principal    veins.      Corolla 
purple ;   calyx  teeth  acute,  densely  hirsute    within,  almost   smooth 
without.     Throughout  California  in  the  valleys  and  plains. 

d.  M.    can'dicans  Benth.     Annual,    gray,  with   soft    pubescence. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  petiole. 
Bracts  ovate,  somewhat  papery,  white  with  greenish  nerves  ;  cross  veinlets 
between  the  principal  nerves.       Corolla   white,  small  and  short;  calyx 
teeth  short,  obtuse,  tipped  with  white  wool  on  both  sides.     Through 
middle  and  southern  California. 


HI.    MICROME'RIA,  Yerba  Buena 

Calyx  tubular,  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  naked 
within ;  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  notched,  lower  spreading, 
3-parted.  Stamens  4-  These  are  sweet-scented  plants,  with 
small  lavender  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

M.  Douglas'ii  Benth.  Perennial  herbs,  spreading  by  trailing 
stems.  Leaves  round-ovate,  sparingly  toothed.  This  usually  grows 
in  the  shade  of  bushes  and  trees  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 


IV.     SPHA'CELE 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  thin,  membranous,  enlarged  in  fruit 
and  persistent.  Corolla  oblong,  bell-shaped,  with  5  broad  and 
roundish,  erect  lobes,  and  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube 
within.  Stamens  ^,  distant,  one  pair  shorter. 

S.  calyci'na  Benth.  Shrubby  at  base,  with  many  leafy  stems. 
Flowers  an  inch  long,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  raceme. 
Corolla  white  or  tinged  with  purple.  The  entire  plant  has  a  sweet 
aromatic  perfume.  From  middle  California  southward. 


V.    SAI/VIA,  Sage 

Ours  are  all  herbs.  Calyx  2-lipped,  with  the  upper  lip  2  or 
3  toothed,  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  with  the 
upper  lip  erect,  entire,  notched,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  Stamens  2, 
with  filaments  apparently  forked,  one  end  bearing  a  linear 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  141 

anther  cell,  the  other  end  a  mere  rudiment  of  an  anther  cell. 
The  nutlets  when  wet  become  mucilaginous  and  send  out  spiral 
threads. 

a.  S.  cardua'cea  Benth.     THISTLE  SAGE.     Leaves  clustered  at  the 
rooty    white-woolly,    thistle-like.     Flowers    in    whorls.     Corollas   large, 
bright  blue.     This  is  a  very  showy  plant  of  the  interior  valleys  of 
California. 

b.  S.  Columba'riae  Benth.     CHIA.     Leaves  wrinkled  with  numerous 
veins,    once  or  twice  parted  into   oblong,   crenate  or  toothed  divisions. 
Flowers  in  one  or  more  rather  distant  whorls  on  the  naked  stems. 
Corolla    rather   small,    dark   blue.     Involucre    of    entire    leaves,    like 
bracts.     Widely  distributed. 

VI.    AUDffiER'TIA,  California  Sage,  Bee  Sage 

Shrubby  plants  with  leaves  wrinkled  and  veiny,  finely 
crenate.  Flowers  similar  to  those  of  Salvia,  except  that  the 
filament  has  but  one  linear  anther  cell,  and  shows  the  remains 
of  the  connective  as  a  sort  of  spur.  The  various  kinds  of  sage, 
so  well  known  as  honey  plants,  all  belong  to  this  genus. 
They  are  most  abundant  in  southern  California,  where  they 
sometimes  clothe  the  hillsides. 


*  Flowers  in  dense  whorls  at  intervals  along  the  stem.     Bracts  crowded 
and  conspicuous.     Shrubs. 

a.  A.  niv'ea  Benth.     WHITE  SAGE.     Stems  and  leaves  covered 
with   a   snow-white   down.     Whorls    an   inch   across,  usually  2—4. 
Corolla  lavender  or  lilac,  with  the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  lips. 
Stamens  and  style  conspicuously^  extending  beyond  the  corolla.     The 
bracts  and  the  calyx  teeth  are  blunt. 

b.  A.  stachyoi'des  Benth.     BLACK  SAGE.     Stems  and  leaves  ashy 
gray,  becoming  greener  and  smoother  with  age.     Clusters  of  flowers 
3-5  at  long  intervals,  on  slender  stems.     Corolla  lavender,  half  an 
inch  long.     Calyx  teeth  and  bracts  bristle-tipped. 

**  Flowers  in  a  close  panicle.     Floral  leaves  and  bracts  of  the  small  and 
numerous  clusters  lance-shaped  or  awl-shaped.     Shrubs. 

c.  A.  polystach'ya  Benth.     WHITE  SAGE,  GREASE  WOOD.'    Stems 
many,  erect,  covered  with  a  fine  white  down ;  inflorescence  a  foot  or 
so  in  length  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile.     Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  broad, 


142  KEY   AND   FLORA 

the  lower  with  3  long  teeth.  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  more  long, 
white  or  lavender,  with  a  short  tube  and  broad  lower  lip.  Stamens 
and  styles  long,  conspicuously  exserted.  This  is  said  to  be  the  best 
honey  sage. 

***  Flowers  large,  in  dense  whorls.      Woody  only  at  base. 

d.  A.  grandiflo'ra  Benth.  Stem  stout,  2-3  ft.  high,  woolly  and 
glandular.  Leaves  wrinkled,  white  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface, 
sinuate-crenate.  The  lower  ones  are  broadly  lanceolate,  with  the 
base  somewhat  arrow-shaped,  3-8  in.  long  on  margined  petioles  ;  the 
upper  are  oblong  and  sessile.  Corolla  1^  in.  long,  bright  red,  with 
tube  longer  than  the  limb.  Bracts  broad  and  membranaceous. 
Stamens  extending  beyond  the  corolla.  This  is  common  from 
near  San  Francisco  southward.  It  generally  grows  in  the  hills. 


VII.    SCUTELLA'RIA,    Skullcap 

Low  perennial  herbs,  with  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
on  short  peduncles.  Calyx  helmet-shaped.  Corolla  with  an 
arched  upper  lip  and  dilated  throat.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  pair 
with  1-celled  anthers,  the  upper  with  %-celled  bearded  anthers. 

a.  S.    tubero'sa  Benth.     Low  from  slender  underground  stems  ter- 
minating in  small  tubers.     Leaves  ovate,  toothed,  on  slender  petioles. 
Flowers  dark  blue,  over  half  an  inch  long.      From  Santa    Barbara 
County  northward. 

b.  S.    Califor'nica    Gray.      Stems  several,  from   slender   rootstocks. 
Leaves  entire,  narrowed  at  base.     Flowers  yellowish  white,  about  two- 
thirds  of  an  inch  long.     Northern  California  to  Oregon. 

c.  S.   angustifo'lia  Pursh.     Stems  erect,  leafy.     Leaves  oblong  to 
linear,  mostly  sessile,   entire,  except  for  a  few  teeth  on  the  lower  ones. 
Pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Corolla  nearly  an  inch  long  with 
slender  tube  and  dilated  throat ;  lower  lip  woolly  within.     Through- 
out California  to  British  Columbia. 

d.  S.    galericula'ta   L.      Stems   slender,   1-3   ft.  high,  simple  or 
branched  above.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  almost  sessile,  serrate,  except 
at  the  top.      Corolla  dark  blue,  less  than   1   in.  long.      Widely  dis- 
tributed.    Summer. 

Vin.    BRUNEI/LA,  Self-heal 

Perennial  herbs  with  usually  simple  stems  and  sessile, 
3-flowered  flower-clusters  in  the  axils  of  kidney-shaped  bracts, 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  143 

the  whole  forming  a  spike  or  head.  Calyx  tubular,  bell-shaped, 
somewhat  10-ribbed,  upper  lip  broad,  3-toothed,  the  teeth 
short ;  lower  lip  with  2  longer  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
upright,  arched,  and  entire,  the  lower  spreading,  reflexed, 
fringed,  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  4i  reaching  up  under  the  upper 
Up,  with  the  tips  of  the  filaments  2-toothed,  only  one  tooth  anther- 
bearing. 

B.  vulga'ris  L.  SELF-HEAL,  HEAL-ALL,  CARPENTER  WEED. 
Leaves  with  petioles,  ovate-oblong,  either  entire  or  toothed,  often 
somewhat  hairy  ;  corolla  usually  dark-blue  or  purplish,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  brown-purple  calyx.  This  is  often  abundant  in 
damp  places,  and  is  widely  distributed. 

LX.    MARRU'BIUM,  Horehound 

Perennial  herbs  with  many  stems,  forming  a  clump  a  foot 
or  two  high,  white-woolly.  Calyx  with  usually  10  nerves  and 
teeth,  the  alternate  on^s  spiny-tipped  and  recurved.  Corolla 
with  upper  lip  narro\y,  arched  and  2-l^Ded  ;  lower  spreading 
and  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  having  anthers  with  the  2  cells  not  dis- 
tinct. Flowers  in  dense  whorls,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  This  is  a  widely  spread,  introduced  plant. 

M.  vulga're  L.  Leaves  roundish,  wrinkled,  crenate.  Corolla 
small  and  white.  The  bitter  aromatic  juice  is  used  as  a  remedy  for 
colds. 

X.    STA'CHYS,  Hedge  Nettle 

Perennial  herbs  with  a  disagreeable  odor, — some  species 
growing  near  water  becoming  very  tall.  Flowers  nearly  ses- 
sile, in  scattered  whorls,  purplish  or  white.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
5-10-nerved.  Corolla  with  tube  not  dilated  at  the  throat,  the 
upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire  or  notched,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  longest.  Stamens  4,  with  2-celled  anthers. 

a.  S.  bulla'ta  Benth.  Stems  one  or  several,  loosely  branching, 
rough  with  downward-pointing  hairs.  Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  cre- 
nate, obtuse,  with  petioles  an  inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  red-purple, 
in  whorls,  forming  an  interrupted  spike.  This  grows  everywhere  in 
California,  and  blooms  almost  throughout  the  year. 

6.  S.  al'bens  Gray.  Stems  erect,  1-5  ft.  high,  clothed  through- 
out with  soft  white  wool.  Leaves  oblong,  cordate  at  base,  crenate, 


144  KEY  AND  FLORA 

2-3  in.  iorig ;  upper  sessile ;  lower  with  short  petioles.  Flowers  white 
on  a  wand-like  spike  in  dense  interrupted  close  clusters.  Calyx  with 
spine-tipped  teeth  nearly  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  California 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  hills  of  southern  California. 

c.  S.  Chamisso'nis  Benth.     Stems  erect,  2-6  ft.  high,  with  stiff 
hairs  pointing   downwards,    on    the    angles.      Leaves    oblong-ovate, 
3-5  in.  long,  crenate,  wrinkled  with  the  veins,  whitish,  \vith  woolly 
hairs  on  the  lower  surface,  stiifer  ones  on  the  upper.     Spike  6-12  in. 
long.       Calyx    with   spine-tipped    teeth,    densely   hairy.       Corolla  pur- 
plish,   |    in.    long,  hairy ;  lower   lip   half    as  long.     A  very  showy 
species  along  the  Californian  coast  from  San  Francisco  northward. 

d.  S.  cilia'ta  Dougl.     Similar  to  the  above,  but  with  the  leaves 
greener  and  thinner ;  'corolla  smaller,  with  the  tube  smooth.     Along 
the  coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 


XI.    TRICHOSTE'MA,  Blue-curls,  Camphor  Weed 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  flowers  in  dense,  usually  one-sided 
axillary  cymes,  stamens  and  corolla  blue  or  purple  (rarely 
white).  Calyx  bell-shaped,  almost  equally  5-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  slender  tube,  5-parted,  the  divisions  forming  in  bud 
a  roundish  ball  which  encloses  the  coiled  stamens.  Stamens 
spirally  coiled  in  the  bud,  conspicuously  protruding  from  the  open 
corolla.  In  bloom  in  summer  and  fall. 

a.  T.  lanceola'tum  Benth.     CAMPHOR  WEED.     Annual  herbs  with 
several  branches,  erect  from  the  base.     Leaves  crowded,  sessile,  lance- 
shaped.      Cymes    almost    sessile,    conspicuously   one-sided,    densely 
flowered.       Corolla    and  calyx    somewhat    hairy    or    woolly.       This 
plant  is  called  camphor  weed,  because  it  has  a  strong  odor  some- 
what like  camphor,  but  very  disagreeable,  sometimes  causing  head- 
ache.    Widely  distributed  in  the  interior  valleys. 

b.  T.  lax'um  Gray.     Annual,  diffusely  branched,  soft,  pubescent. 
Leaves  few,  lanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  to  an  obtuse  apex,  2—3  in.  long, 
on  slender  petioles.     Cymes  loosely  flowered,  on  peduncles.     Common 
from  middle  to  northern  California,  growing  in  dry  places. 

c.  T.    lana'tum   Benth.     ROMERO.     Shrubby,    3    or   4   ft.    high. 
Leaves   numerous,    narrowly   linear,    with    margins    turned    under, 
smooth    and    shiny    above,    white-woolly    on    the    under    surface. 
Flowers  in  numerous  cymes  in  a  close  terminal  cluster,  destitute  of 
bracts.      The  whole  inflorescence,  even  to  the  calyx  and  corolla,  is  covered 
with  dense  violet  wool.     The  filaments  extend  an  inch  or  more  beyond 
the  corolla.     Southern  California,  in  rocky  places.     It  is  very  con- 
spicuous and  beautiful. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  145 


SOLAWA'CEJE,  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  leaves  alternate  and  without  stipules. 
Flowers  regular,  with  the  parts  in  fives,  except  the  single  style 
and  2-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  or  capsule. 
Seeds  with  curved  embryo  and  endosperm.  This  family  con- 
tains Tobacco,  Tomato,  Nightshade,  Egg-plant,  Potato,  and 
Chili-pepper. 

I.    SOLA'NUM,  Nightshade,  Potato 

Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  or  cleft.  Stamens  with  short 
filaments  and  distinct  anthers,  which  often  apparently  unite 
around  the  style.  Fruit  usually  a  berry. 

a.  S.  Douglas'ii  Dunal.     Somewhat  shrubby,  widely  branching  or 
even   climbing  by  the   rough   angles   of   the   branchlets.      Leaves 
ovate,   entire,  or  with  large  teeth,  1-2   in.  long.      Corolla  white  or 
bluish,  small.     Berries  black.     Common  throughout  California,  near 
the  coast. 

b.  S.  ni'grum  L.     COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.     Annual,  with  stems 
branching  diffusely.     Corolla  small,  white.      Berries  black  when  ripe, 
as  large  as  peas,  in  numerous  umbels  on  axillary  peduncles.     This  is 
common  everywhere  in  waste  ground. 

c.  S.    umbellif'erum   Esch.     Shrubby   at   base,    much   branched, 
with  leaves  and  stems  hoary.     Flowers  in  umbels,  the  corolla  bluish 
purple,    |    in.    in   diameter.     The   leaves   vary   extremely.      Widely 
distributed. 

d.  S.  Xan'ti  Gray.     Similar  to  the  above,  but  either  smooth  or 
glandular-hairy ;  leaves  thin.     Corolla  generally  larger.     This  is  more 
common  in  southern  California. 


H.    DATITRA,  Thorn-apple 

Stout,  widely  branching  herbs  with  rank  odor  and  narcotic- 
poisonous  qualities.  Flowers  large,  on  short  stems  from  the 
axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  deciduous, 
leaving  a  circular  disk  under  the  fruit.  Corolla  broadly 
funnel-form,  convolute  in  the  biid.  Pistils  with  long  style 
and  2-iipped  stigma:  Capsule  prickly  all  over.  Seeds  large, 
kidney-shaped. 


146  KEY  AND   FLORA 

D.  meteloi'des  DC.  Perennial,  spreading,  and  often  tall,  hoary 
Leaves  unequally  ovate,  wavy  on  the  margin,  or  entire.  Corolla 
white  or  pale  violet,  with  the  border  broadly  expanded,  the  5  angles 
terminating  in  long,  slender  awns.  Pods  large  on  recurved  peduncles. 
Southern  California. 

Hi.    NICOTIA'NA,  Tobacco 

Herbs  (one  a  tree)  with  rank  odor  and  narcotic  poisonous 
properties.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  lobed,  closely 
surrounding  the  capsule.  Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form, 
with  a  very  long  tube.  Stamens  with  slender  filaments  and 
broad  anthers  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Pistil  with 
long,  slender  style  and  2-celled  ovary,  stigma  2-lobed  or  cap- 
like.  Capsule  splitting  generally  at  the  junction  of  the  valves 
and  on  the  back,  appearing  Celled. 

a.  N.  glau'ca  Graham.     TREE   TOBACCO.     This  has  been  intro- 
duced from  South  America,  and  is  now  widely  distributed  in  southern 
California.     It  is  a  shrub   or    small   tree   with   pale-green   foliage. 
Flowers    in    loose    terminal   panicles ;  corolla ,  2    in.   long,   greenish 
yellow,   with  a  long  tube,  narrowed  at  the  throat;   border   erect, 
5-crenate. 

b.  N.  attenua'ta  Torr.     Stems  simple  or  branching,  very  viscid. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends.     Flowers  in  loose, 
terminal   racemes.     Calyx   teeth    short,   triangular,  acute.      Corolla 
white,  narrow,  salver-form,  the  tube  an  inch  long  and  the  border  £  in. 
across.     Pod  exceeding  the  calyx.     This  is  widely  distributed  and  is 
frequently  found  along  highways. 

c.  N.  Bigelo'vii  Wats.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  with  sessile 
leaves.     Calyx  with  unequal  lobes,  corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  with 
tube  an  inch  or  more  long  and  the  border  an  inch  across ;  pod  shorter 
than  the  calyx.     This  is  also  found  along  highways. 


SCROPHULARIA'CE^:,  FIGWORT  FAMILY 

Herbs  and  shrubs  with  corolla  2-lipped  or  otherwise  more 
or  less  irregular  (2  lobes  belong  to  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla ; 
3  to  the  lower).  Stamens  2  or  4  (2  long  and  2  short),  or  5, 
with  one  lacking  the  anther.  Pistil  with  a  simple  style  and 
2-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  2-celled  pod,  with  the  seeds  on  an 
axillary  placenta,  splitting  from  the  top. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  147 

I.    VERONICA,  Speedwell 

Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  flowers  in  axillary 
racemes  or  solitary.  Calyx  and  corolla  4-parted,  with  the  lobes 
more  or  less  unequal.  Stamens  2.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaped. 

a.  V.    Americana   Schweinitz.     Smooth   herbs   growing   in   wet 
places,  with  the  stems  rooting  at  the  joints.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
on  petioles.    Flowers  numerous,  small,  bright  Hue  with  darker  stripes. 
Widely  distributed. 

b.  V.    peregri'na    L.      Annual,    3-10   in.    high,   erect,   with    few 
branches.     Lower   leaves   opposite,    upper  alternate,    linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  entire  or  toothed.     Flowers  on    short  pedicels   in  the  leaf 
axils.     Corolla  very  small,  white.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Common, 
apparently  an  introduced  weed. 

H.    SCROPHULA'RIA,  Figwort,  Bee-plant 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
loose  cymes  arranged  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Calyx  5-cleft, 
with  broad,  rounded  lobes.  Corolla  with  a  globular  tube  and 
5  lobes  ;  four  are  erect  and  the  fifth  turned  down  or  spreading. 
Stamens  4  in  2  pairs,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
inserted  low  on  the  tube.  A  rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen 
appears  in  the  form  of  a  scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
throat  of  the  corolla. 

S.  Califor'nica  Cham.  CALIFORNIAN  BEE-PLANT.  Stems  2-5  ft. 
high,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base, 
coarsely  doubly  toothed  or  incised.  Flowers  brownish  purple,  less 
than  half  an  inch  long,  the  rudimentary  stamen  narrowly  wedge- 
shaped  or  spatulate.  The  honey-glands  produce  a  large  quantity 
of  honey  which  can  usually  be  seen  within  the  corolla  tube.  This 
is  widely  distributed  and  common. 

m.   COLLHTSIA 

Low  annual  herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  flowers  some- 
what resembling  pea  blossoms.  Corolla  2-lipped,  with  the 
lower  lip  3-lobed  and  the  middle  lobe  compressed  at  the  sides, 
including  the  style  and  stamens  ;  tube  short,  with  a  protuber- 
ance at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  the  mouth  closed  by  an 


148  KEY  AND   FLORA 

inward  projection  of  the  lower  lip  like  a  palate.  Stamens  4 ; 
a  small  gland  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  on  the  upper  side 
answers  to  the  fifth  stamen. 

a.  C.    bi'color   Benth.     A  foot  or  so  high ;  leaves  more  or  less 
toothed,  the  upper   ovate-lanceolate,  and  sessile  by  a   broad   base. 
Flowers   on    short  pedicels,    in    racemes    at    the   summit    of  the   stem; 
corolla    with    the    upper    lip    nearly    white,    the    lower    rose-color. 
Widely  distributed  in  California. 

b.  C.  Francisca'na  Bioletti.     Similar  to  the  last,  but  the  flowers 
are  on   longer    pedicels,   more   numerous  in   the  whorls;    and   the 
throat  of  the  corolla  is  entirely  closed  by  the  palate.     This  grows  around 
San  Francisco  and  is  very  common. 

c.  C.  tincto'ria  Hartweg.     Flowers  almost  sessile.     Corolla  yellow- 
ish or  white,  marked  with  purple  dots  or  lines,  the  upper  lip  and 
its  lobes  very  short.  .  The  plant  is  covered  with  a  yellowish  or  brownish 
glandular  pubescence  that  stains  the  hands.     This  is  common  in  the 
foothills  of  the  Sierras. 

d.  C.    bartsiaefo'lia  Benth.     Leaves    thickish    in    texture,    linear   to 
ovate-oblong,    crenate.     Flowers    on    short   pedicels,  crowded    in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts.     Corolla  nearly  white,  with  the  throat 
bearded,  and  longer  than  broad,  upper  lip  about  the  length  of  the 
curved  throat.     This  grows  in  sandy  soil  in  the  central  and  western 
parts  of  California. 

e.  C.  parviflo'ra  Dougl.     Stems  slender,  branching,  2-6  in.  high, 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  and  entire,  sometimes 
whorled.     Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  several  in  a  whorl. 
Flowers  small,  less  than  ±  in.  long.     Corolla  blue  and  white,  a  little 
longer  than  the  narrow,  triangular  calyx  lobes.     Common  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  range    and  north  to  British  Columbia.     In  bloom 
early. 

IV.    PENTSTE'MON 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  the  upper  sessile  or 
partly  clasping.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  red,  purple,  blue, 
white  (rarely  yellow),  2-lipped,  with  a  more  or  less  inflated 
tube  ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-cleft  or  spreading.  Stamens 
4,  the  fifth  a  conspicuous  filament  without  an  anther.  Pod 
usually  pointed,  splitting  from  the  top  into  two  parts. 

a.    P.  cordifo'lius  Benth.     Stems  very  leafy,  climbing  over  bushes 

by  long  branches.     Leaves  cordate,  serrate,  or  toothed.  Flowers  in 

a  leafy  panicle.  Corolla  scarlet,  with  a  long  narrow  tube.  Sterile  fila- 
ment bearded.  Common  in  southern  California. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  149 

b.  P.   heterophyllus   Lindl.      Stems  many  from   a  woody  base, 
pale-green.      Leaves  lance-shaped  or  linear.     Corolla  rose-purple,  an 
inch  long.     Anthers  shaped  like   a  horseshoe,   with  the   base  of  each 
cell    remaining    closed,    and   forming   a   sac,    dilate    on    the    opened' 
edges.       Sterile    filament    smooth.      Throughout    California    in    dry 
places. 

c.  P.  centranthifo'lius  Benth.     Light  bluish  green  and  perfectly 
smooth.     Upper  leaves  heart-shaped,  clasping.     Corolla  fully  an  inch 

•long,  bright  red,  tubular,  hardly  bilabiate,  with  the  lobes  spreading  but 
little.  Sterile  filament  slender  and  smooth.  Most  common  in  southern 
California. 

d.  P.   gla'ber   Pursh.      Stems    1-2  ft.    high,   smooth,    glaucous. 
Upper   leaves   ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  the  stem.      Flowers   in   a 
long,  close   panicle.     Sepals   ovate,   pointed.     Corolla  violet,  with 
swelling  throat,  1-1^  in.  long.     Sterile  filament  with  a  few  hairs  at 
top.     Anthers  opening  from   the  base  of  each  cell  to   the  apex,  smooth 
or  slightly  hairy.     Along  streams.     Summer. 

e.  P.  confer'tus  var.  caeruleo-purpureus  Gray.    Stems  slender,  erect, 
smooth,  except  for  the  viscid  pubescence  about  the  flowers.     Leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate.     Flowers  rather  small,  in  2-5  whorls,  1  in.  or 
more  apart.     Sepals  with  papery,  fringed  margins  and  pointed  tips. 
Corolla   purplish   blue,    2-lipped,    the    lower    lip   bearded.     Anthers 
opening  from  base  to  apex,  the  two  valves  spreading  out  fiat,  after  the 
pollen  has  been  discharged.     Sterile  filament  bearded.     In  the  moun- 
tains.    Summer. 

V.    CASTILLE'JA,  Indian  Paint-brush 

Perennial  herbs  generally  with  several  stems  from  woody 
roots.  Leaves  sessile.  Flowers  in  simple  spikes,  with  the 
bracts  large  and  colored  red,  white,  or  yellowish.  Calyx  colored 
like  the  bracts,  tubular,  more  or  less  cleft  either  in  front  or 
behind  or  on  both  sides.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  long-pointed 
upper  lip,  lower  lip  very  small,  3-toothed,  with  3  folds  or 
small  sacs  below  the  short  teeth  (the  tube  is  usually  enclosed 
in  the  calyx).  Stamens  4->  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip'  Style 
long,  with  stigma  cap-shaped  or  2-lobed. 

a.  C.  affi'nis  Hook  &  Arn.  Stems  often  tall,  branched  from  the 
base.  Leaves  simple,  linear-lanceolate,  entire.  Flowers  somewhat 
distant  below  but  crowded  above,  curved.  Upper  leaves,  bracts,  and 
calyx  more  or  less  colored  red.  Corolla  yellowish  or  reddish,  an  inch 
or  more  long,  curved,  surpassing  the  red  calyx,  the  lower  lip  very 
short,  Middle  to  southern  California, 


150  KEY   AND   FLORA 

b.  C.  foliolo'sa  Hook  &  Arn.     Stems  generally  in  a  bunch,   white- 
woolly.      Leaves   short   but  numerous,   lowest  entire,    upper   floral 
leaves  cleft,  with  the  tips  dilated,  yellowish  or  red.     This  is  common 
only  on  dry  hills  of  the  Coast  Mountains. 

c.  C.  latifolia  Hook  &  Arn.     Stems  leafy,  1  to  several  from  the 
root,  viscid-pubescent.     Leaves  short  and  broad,  the  upper  ones  3-5- 
lobed,  tinged   with   red.     Calyx  lobes  longer   than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.     Near  the  coast,  from  Monterey  County  northward. 


VI.    ORTHOCAR'PUS,  Owl's  Clover 

Low  annual  herbs,  similar  to  Castilleia  in  having  spikes  of 
flowers  with  the  cleft  bracts  and  calyx  divisions  colored. 
Calyx  short,  tubular,  4-cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  with  the 
upper  lip  hardly  longer  than  the  lower,  small  in  comparison 
with  the  lower,  which  is  inflated  and  in  several  species  has  3 
round  sacs. 

*  Bracts  with  tips  colored  like  a  corolla. 

a.  0.    purpuras'cens   Benth.     ESCOBITA.     Simple   and    erect,    or 
branched  at  the  base,  hairy.      Spike  dense,  oblong,  the  lobed  bracts 
and  the  calyx  divisions   crimson.       Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  densely 
bearded  with  crimson    hairs,  hooked  at   the   apex,  the  lower  lip   with   3 
very  small  sacs.     Stigma  large,  globose,  densely  covered  with  purple 
hairs.      Very  common  in  spring.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  0.    densiflo'rus  Benth.      OWL'S-CLOVER.      This   is    similar   to 
the  above,  except  that  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  is  straight  and  the 
lobes  of  the  bracts  and  of  the  calyx  white  and  crimson ;  the  leaves  are 
soft,  pubescent,  with  few  lobes,  or  entire  at  the  base.     Along  the 
coast. 

**  Bracts  not  colored  like  a  corolla. 

c.  0.  erian'thus  Benth.     Slender,  with  many  branches  ;  stems  and 
bracts  dark  red.     Corolla  deep  yellow,  the  upper  lip  slender,  pointed, 
dark-purple,  the  sacs  on  the  lower  lip  large,  round,  and  deep,  the  tube 
very  slender.     Monterey  County  northward. 

d.  0.  versi'color  Greene.      POP-CORN  FLOWER.      Similar   to   the 
last,  but  the  Jiowers  are  pure  white,  fading  pinkish.      In  one  variety 
the  flowers  are  rose-color  from  the  first.     This  species  is  very  fra- 
grant.    Around  San  Francisco. 

e.  0.   lithospermoi/des    Benth.      Stems    rather    stout,    generally 
simple,  1-1  £  ft.  high,  very  leafy.     Flowers  in  a  dense  spike.     Calyx 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  151 

lobes  linear.  Corolla  deep  yellow,  fading  whitish,  an  inch  or  more  long, 
with  3  large  sacs.  This  blooms  later  than  the  others.  Throughout 
California. 

There  are  many  species  besides  these. 


VH.    PEDICULATUS 

Perennials  with  one  to  several  stems  from  a  thick  root. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided  or  lobed,  the  divisions  often  toothed, 
cleft,  or  divided.  Calyx  2-5-toothed,  irregular.  Corolla 
2-lipped,  the  upper  arched  and  compressed  on  the  sides,  some- 
times with  a  beak;  the  lower  erect  at  base,  3-lobed.  and  with 
2  crests  above.  Stamens  4,  in  the  long  upper  lip. 

P.  densiflo'ra  Benth.  INDIAN  WARRIOR.  Leaves  twice  pinnately 
divided,  with  the  divisions  sharply  and  irregularly  incised.  Stem 
and  leaves  dark-red  when  young,  becoming  greener  with  age. 
Flowers  an  inch  long,  crimson,  in  a  dense  spike  that  lengthens  in 
fruit.  Common  in  western  and  middle  California. 


Vm.    MDSTULUS,  Monkey  Flower 

Herbs,  or  one  species  shrubby,  with  opposite,  simple  leaves 
and  showy  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  bell-shaped, 
5-toothed,  and  with  as  many  folds  and  angles,  often  oblique. 
Corolla  ivith  the  tube  included  in  the  calyx  and  the  border  with 
5  round,  spreading  lobes  arranged  so  that  2  form  the  upper  Up 
and  3  the  lower.  Within  the  tube  are  two  ridges  flattened  on 
top,  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4, 
with  the  anther  cells  diverging.  Stigma  2-lobed,  with  spread- 
ing parts,  often  somewhat  shield-shaped.  When  an  insect 
alights  it  touches  the  stigma,  which  immediately  closes,  the 
2  lips  folding  together  ;  the  anthers  are  thus  exposed,  so  that 
the  insect  becomes  dusted  with  pollen.  This  can  be  observed 
by  touching  the  stigma  with  a  pencil. 

a.  M.  cardina'lis  Dougl.  RED  MONKEY  FLOWER.  Stout,  2-4  ft. 
high,  viscid-pubescent.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  dentate,  2  in.  long. 
Corolla  scarlet,  2  in.  long,  with  all  the  lobes  except  the  upper  one  rejlexed. 
Stamens  projecting  from  the  corolla.  This  grows  along  streams. 
Widely  distributed. 


152  KEY   AND   FLORA 

b.  M.  Lewis'ii  Pursh.    Perennial,,  with  erect,  rather  slender  stems, 
1-2  ft.  high,  or  more.     Leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  with  the  margin 
finely  toothed.     Corolla   rose-red,  2   in.  long,  the  border  of  roundish, 
spreading  lobes.     Stamens  included  within  the  corolla.     This  is  one 
of  the  handsomest  species.     It  grows  in  shady,  moist  places  from 
British  Columbia  through  California,  in  the  mountains. 

c.  M.    brev'ipes   Benth.     Annual,    1-2   ft.  high,  viscid-pubescent. 
Leaves   lanceolate   to   linear,   1-4  in.  long.     Calyx  teeth  unequal, 
pointed.      Corolla  yellow,  1^  in.  long,  the  border  campanulate,  an  inch 
across,  with  rounded  lobes.     From  Monterey  southward. 

d.  M.  Bolan'deri  Gray.     Annual,  with  stems  about  a  foot  high,  viscid- 
pubescent.     Leaves   oblong,  1-2  in.  long.      Corolla   crimson,  an   inch 
long,  tubular,  with  the  border  slightly  spreading.     This  is  common  in 
the  foothill  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  through  California. 

e.  M.    moscha'tus   Dougl.      MUSK-PLANT.      Perennial,  with  low, 
spreading  stems,  soft-hairy,  musk-scented.     Corolla  light  yellow,  \  in. 
long.      This  grows    in  wet  place  and    roots  at    the  joints  of  the 
stem.     Widely  distributed. 

/.  M.  Langsdor'ffii  Don.  Annual  or  perennial,  the  former  slen- 
der, the  latter  stout,  growing  in  wet  places  and  rooting  at  the 
joints  of  the  lower  parts  of  the  stem.  Stem  leaves  round,  clasp- 
ing; root  leaves  on  petioles,  with  a  roundish  blade  at  the  top  and 
a  few  small  leaflets  below.  Corolla  yellow,  with  brown  or  red  spots, 
decidedly  2-lipped,  large,  from  1  to  1^  in.  long.  Widely  distributed 
and  extremely  variable. 

g.  M.  tricolor  Lindl.  (Euna'nus  Benth.).  Low,  with  spreading, 
leafy  branches.  Corolla  2  in.  long,' with  a  short,  slender  tube  and  wide 
border  of  almost  equal  lobes,  rose-purple,  marked  with  deep  crimson,  and 
with  yellow  throat.  This  is  a  very  beautiful  plant,  and  grows  in  low, 
damp  places.  From  middle  California  northward. 

h.  M.  Douglas'ii  Gray  (Euna'nus  Benth.).  Erect,  with  stems 
beginning  to  flower  when  an  inch  or  so  high.  Corolla  crimson, 
decidedly  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  wanting,  or  much  shorter  than  the 
upper  Up ;  tube  from  1  to  lj  in.  long  ;  throat  funnel-form,  dilated. 
Throughout  California,  in  bloom  usually  very  early. 

i.  M.  glutino'sus  Wendland  (Diplacus  Nutt.).  Shrubby,  3-6  ft. 
high,  with  glutinous,  evergreen  foliage.  Leaves  opposite,  serrate, 
veiny.  Flowers  yellow  or  reddish,  large  and  showy,  solitary,  on  pedicels 
in  the  leaf  axils.  This  is  common  throughout  California,  and  has 
many  forms  regarded  as  species  by  good  botanists. 

j.  M.  exilis  Dur.  Annual,  erect,  with  branched  stems  about  a 
foot  high,  leafy  and  soft-hairy,  somewhat  viscid,  flowering  from  the 
first.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire,  the  lower  longer  than  the 
upper  and  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped, 
the  tube  without  angles  and  almost  without  nerves.  Corolla  a  little 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  153 

longer  than  the  calyx,  yellow,  with  nearly  equal  lobes  and  sometimes  some 
brown  spots  in  the  throat.  Common  throughout  California  in  the  dry 
beds  of  streams. 


OROBANCHA'CEJE.     BROOM  RAPE  FAMILY 

Root  parasites,  tuberous,  pale  or  brownish  in  color,  with 
scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Corolla  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  in  2 
sets.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  many, 
very  small.  Style  long,  with  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  splitting 
into  2  valves  when  ripe,  each  valve  with  1  or  2  placentae. 

APHYL'LON,  Cancer  Root 

Flowers  yellowish  or  purplish,  usually  on  peduncles.  Sta- 
mens included  in  the  somewhat  2-lipped  corolla.  Calyx  with 
5,  nearly  equal,  pointed  lobes.  Stigma  slfield-shaped  or  with 
2  broad,  flat  lobes.  Placentae,  a  pair  to  each  valve.  Anther 
cells  deeply  separated  from  below,  awned  at  the  base. 

a.  A.  unifio'rum  Gray.     Stem  very  short,  bearing  one  or  a  few 
slender  scapes  a  few  inches  high.     Flowers  violet  and  violet  scented, 
terminating  the  scapes.     Frequent  in  California  and  north  to  British 
Columbia. 

b.  A.  fascicula'tum  Gray.     Stems  rather  slender,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  numerous  fascicled   peduncles.     Flowers   bi'ownish   or  yellowish. 
Widely  distributed. 


PLANTAGINA'CEJE.     PLANTAIN  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  the  leaves  and  peduncled  spikes  all  from  the 

root.     Corollas  papery,  4-eleft. 

> 

PLANTA'GO,  Plantain 

Flowers  perfect,  each  with  a  bract  below.  Calyx  of  4  per- 
sistent sepals  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  greenish  or  dull 
white.  Stamens  2-4,  with  long  filaments.  Fruit  a  capsule 
opening  by  a  lid  which  falls  off,  carrying  with  it  the  placenta 
with  the  shield-shaped  seeds  attached. 


154  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  P.  ma'jor  L.     COMMON  PLANTAIN.     Leaves  large,  ovate,  5-7- 
ribbed,   the  petioles  channeled  on  the   upper   side.     A  wayside    weed, 
introduced. 

b.  .  P.  lanceola'ta  L.     Hairy.     Leaves  -long,   lanceolate,  3-7-ribbed. 
Flowers  with  conspicuous  stamens  ;  at  first  in  a  head,  lengthening  to  a 
spike.     Introduced. 

c.  P.  marit'ima  L.     Smooth,  leaves  linear,  fleshy.     Spike  oblong. 
This  is  found  along  the  seashore. 

d.  P.  Patago'nica  Jacq.     A   small  annual  covered  with  white  silky 
wool.     Scape  2-3  in.  high.     Flowers  in  dense  oblong  spikes,  except 
in  very  small  plants,  where  they  form  a  head.     Widely  distributed. 
This  has  been  made  to  include  many  species  which  are 'difficult  to 
distinguish. 

RUBIA'CEJE.     MADDER  FAMILY 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  entire  leaves  with  stipules  ; 
or  whorled  leaves  without  stipules.  Calyx  and  corolla  4-lobed, 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  distinct,  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  and  borne  on  its  tube.  Ovary  2-5-celled. 
Seeds  with  endosperm.  The  plants  yielding  coffee  and  quinine 
belong  to  this  family. 

I.    CEPHALAN'THUS,  Button  Willow 

Shrub  growing  near  water,  ivith  willow-like  leaves,  opposite 
or  whorled  ;  and  scale  like  stipules  within  the  petioles.  Flowers 
in  a  dense,  round  head.  Calyx  pointed  at  base,  4-toothed. 
Corolla  with  a  long,  slender  tube  and  a  small,  4-cleft  border. 
Stamens  short.  Style  long,  conspicuous,  with  a  cap-like  stigma. 
Capsule,  when  ripe,  splitting  from  the  base  upward  into  2-4, 
closed,  1-seeded  parts. 

C.  occidentals  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3-5  in.  long.  Heads 
an  inch  in  diameter,  flowers  cream-color.  Common  along  streams 
throughout  California,  except  near  the  coast. 


II.    KELLOG'GIA 

Low,  slender,  much-branched  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  with 
stipules  between  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  dull  purple,  in 
loose  cymes.  Calyx  tube  somewhat  flattened,  covered  with 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  155 

stiff,  short  bristles.  Corolla  funnel-form  with  narrow  lobes. 
Stamens  4,  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  slender  ;  stig- 
mas 2,  thread-like.  Fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles,  split- 
ting into  2  parts,  to  the  walls  of  which  the  seeds  adhere. 

K.  galioi'des  Torr.  This  grows  in  damp,  shady  places  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  chiefly  northward. 

m.    GA'LITJM,  Bedstraw,  Cleavers 

Herbs  with  slender  stems,  whorled  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 
Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish.  Calyx  without  a  border. 
Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted.  Stamens  short ;  styles  2, 
short,  with  cap-like  stigmas.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy,  of  2 
similar  rounded  parts  with  1  seed  in  each. 

*  Fruit  a  berry.     Perennials. 

a.  G.  Califor'nicum  Hook.  &  Arn.    Stems  low,  generally  growing  in 
bunches.     Leaves  thin,  oral,  with  a  bristle-tipped  apex;  margin  and  mid- 
rib with  stiff  hairs.     Fruit  pearly  white  when  ripe,  turning  black  when 
dried,  smooth,  on  recurved  pedicels.     Common  from  San  Francisco 
southward. 

b.  G.  Nuttarlii  Gray.    Shrubby,  climbing  over  the  bushes,  with  a  tangled 
mass  of  slender  stems  which  are  minutely  spiny  on  the  angles.     Com- 
mon tliroughout  California  near  the  coast. 

c.  G.    Andrews'!!   Gray.     Low,    densely   matted,    nearly  smooth, 
with   leaves    bright,    shining    green,    crowded,    somewhat    spine-tipped. 
Flowers   dioecious,    the    sterile    in    few-flowered    cymes,    the    fertile 
solitary.     The  dead  stems  and  leaves   are   persistent  and  usually 
become  white. 

** Fruit  dry. 

d.  G.  Apari'ne  L.     Annual,  climbing  by  the  reflexed  prickles  of 
the  stem  and  leaves.     Fruit  on  straight  pedicels,  densely  covered  with 
hooked  prickles  forming  a  bur.     Common. 

e.  G.  triflo'rum  Michx.     WALDMEISTER.     Stems  with  the  odor  of 
vanilla  when  dry,  weak,  spreading  on  the  ground.     Leaves  6  in  a 
whorl,  elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends,  having  a  few  short,  reflexed 
prickles   on    the    margins    and    midribs.      Peduncles  few,   3-forked; 
flowers  greenish  white,  on  spreading  pedicels.     Fruit  covered  with 
slender,  hooked  bristles.     This  grows  in  the  woods  from  San  Fran- 
cisco northward. 


156  KEY   AND   FLORA 

/.  G.  borea'le  L.  Erect,  smooth,  leafy,  branched.  Leaves  in 
fours,  linear  to  lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved.  Flowers  white,  perfect, 
in  a  terminal  panicle.  Fruit  small,  hispid  at  first,  smooth  when  ripe. 
In  the  mountains  northward.  Summer. 


CAPRIFOLIA'CE^.     HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 

Shrubs  or  shrubby  vines  (rarely  herbs)  with  opposite  leaves 
without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular.  Calyx 
5-toothed,  adnate  to  the  inferior  ovary.  Corolla  4  or  5  cleft. 
Stamens  distinct,  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  and  alternat- 
ing with  them.  Ovary  2-5-celled.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe  or 
capsule. 

I.    SYMPHORICAR'POS,  Snowberry 

Low,  branching  shrubs,  with  leaves  usually  entire  (some- 
times on  young  shoots  lobed  at  the  base).  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary or  terminal  spikes  or  cluster's  with  2  bracts  under  each 
flower.  Calyx  5-toothed,  persisting  on  the  fruit.  Corolla 
bell-shaped,  5  or  4  lobed.  Fruit  a  roundish,  white  berry  con- 
taining 2  bony  nutlets.  The  berries  are  usually  densely  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 

a.  S.  racemo'sus    Michx.     Erect  shrubs,    smooth  or  with   the   lower 
face  of  the  leaves  pubescent.     Flowers  in  terminal,  short  and  inter- 
rupted   spike-like    racemes,    or    some    solitary   in   the    upper  axils. 
Corolla  very   hairy   within  at  the    base    of    the    lobes.     Style   and 
stamens  short.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  S.    mol'lis    Nutt.     Low,  diffusely  spreading,  softly   and   densely 
pubescent.     Leaves  oval,  small.     Flowers  few  in  terminal  clusters 
or  in  the  upper  axils.     Corolla  short  and  broad,  but  little  bearded 
inside.     Throughout  California. 

II.    LONIC'ERA,  Honeysuckle,  Twin-berry 

Twining  or  erect  shrubs  with  entire  leaves  (sometimes 
lobed  on  short  shoots),  the  upper  united  around  the  stem  in 
some  species.  Flowers  many  in  interrupted  spikes,  or  axillary 
in  pairs  which  are  sessile  in  an  involucre.  Calyx  minutely 
5-toothed.  Corolla,  tubular,  funnel-form,  or  oblong  bell-shaped, 
with  the  border  5-lobed ;  or  %-lipped,  with  4  lobes  forming  the 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  157 

upper  and  1  the  lower  Up.  Ovary  2  or  3  celled,  with  numer- 
ous ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  slender,  tipped  by  a  cap-like 
stigma. 

a.  L.  hispid'ula  Dougl.      Twining,  with  the  broad  floral  leaves, 
uniting  around  the  stem,  the  others  elliptical,  all  except  the  lowest 
with  broad  stipule-like  appendages,  all  bluish  green  and  pale.    Spikes 
of  3-6  whorls  of  pink  flowers  with  the  corollas  2-lipped.     Fruit  a  red 
berry,1  somewhat  viscid.     Along  the  coast. 

b.  L.  interrup'ta  Benth.     Stoutish,  erect  and  bushy,  less  disposed 
to    twine,    brandies    covered    with    shining    white    bark.      Leaves 
pale-green,  nearly  round,  all  without  stipules,  several  of  the  upper 
pairs    uniting.       Spikes    of    several    interrupted    whorls.       Flowers 
yellow,  smooth.     Inner  Coast  Mountains  and  foothills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

c.  L.  involucra'ta  Banks.     Shrubs  irith  stems  erect,  never   twining, 
and  leaves  never  united.     Flowers  in  pairs  on  an  axillary  peduncle, 
each   pair   contained   in    a   leafy    involucre    of   2    bracts.     Corolla 
yellowish,  funnel-form,  swollen  at  the  base.     Berries  close  together, 
black  when  ripe,  the  involucre  becoming  dark  red,  with  the  lobes  reflexed. 
Widely  distributed. 

d.  L.  cilio'sa  Poir.     Stems  low,  or  climbing.     Leaves  broadly  ovate, 
glaucous  beneath,  generally  smooth  except  for  the  ciliate  margin ; 
the    uppermost  one  or  two  pairs  united  to  form  a  disk.     Whorls 
of  flowers    1-3,   generally  terminal  but  sometimes  from  the  lower 
leaf  axils.     Corolla  smooth,  an  inch  or  more  long,  trumpet-shaped,  scarlet 
without,  yellow  within;  the  tube  swollen  on  one  side  near  the  base;  the 
border   slightly   2-lipped.      From   the   Sierra  Nevada   Mountains   of 
middle  California  to  British  Columbia. 


m.    SAMBU'CUS,  Elder 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  'pinnately  compound  leaves  of 
5-11  serrate  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  compound 
cymes.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  with  5  lobes. 
Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3-5.  Fruit  consisting  of 
"berries,"  which  are  really  drupes. 

a.  S.  glau'ca  Nutt.      Cymes  large  and  flat.      Berries  dark-blue, 
with  a  dense  bloom.     This  blooms  in  summer  and  is  common  in 
middle  and  southern  California. 

b.  S.  callicar'pa  Greene.    Cymes  ovate.    Berries  red,  rarely  yellow. 
This  blooms  in  spring  and  is  found  only  in  ravines  or  along  streams. 
Northward. 


158  KEY  AKD   FLORA 


CUCURBIT A'CE^.     GOURD  FAMILY 

Herbs,  with  succulent  sfcems,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Leaves 
palmately  lobed,  without  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  with  5  lobes  or  teeth. 
Corolla  with  petals  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  3— 5-celled, 
stigmas  3-5-lobed.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy.  This  family  con- 
tains the  Squash,  Melon,  Cucumber,  Pumpkin,  and  Gourd. 

ECHINOCYS'TIS    (MEGARRHFZA,   MICRAMPELIS) ,   Big  Root,    Chilicothe 

The  California  species  are  rapidly  growing  vines,  springing 
from  enormous  fleshy  roots.  Flowers  small,  white,  monoe- 
cious. Sterile  flowers  in  racemes,  at  the  base  of  which  are 
the  solitary  fertile  flowers  (often  they  are  wanting).  Corolla 
wheel-shaped  or  bell-shaped.  Fruit  round  or  oblong,  spiny, 
the  cells  within  with  fibrous  walls.  Seeds  round,  flattened. 
Cotyledons  thick,  not  coming  above  the  ground  in  germi- 
nation. 

a.  E.    faba'cea    Naudin.     Flowers    yellowish    white,    numerous; 
fruit  round,  densely  covered  with  long,  stout  spines.     Seeds  4.     This  is 
the  commonest  species. 

b.  E.  ma'ra  Cogn.     Flowers   larger   and   purer   white   than   the 
above,  less   numerous ;  fruit  pointed   at  both  ends,  sparingly  covered 
with  spines.     This  is  a  more  luxuriant  plant  than  the  preceding,  and 
is  less  common,  found  chiefly  around  San  Francisco. 

c.  E.  Orego'na  Torr.     Fruit  ovate-oblong,  1-2  inches  long,  sparingly 
clothed  with    soft    spines,    with    3—4   cells,  each  3-seeded.     Fertile 
flowers  with  abortive  stamens.     This  is  common  in  Washington. 

d.  E.  macrocar'pa  Greene.     Fruit  oblong,  densely  covered  with  long, 
rather  soft,  stout  spines.     Seeds   several,   more    than  4-     Central  and 
southern  California. 


VALERIANA'CEJE.     VALERIAN  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  a  disagreeable  odor,  opposite  leaves  without 
stipules,  and  flowers  in  cymes.  Calyx  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  teeth  none,  or  becoming  feathery.  Corolla  with  a  tube 
and  a  2-lipped  border.  Stamens  1-3  on  the  corolla.  Style 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  159 

and   filaments    slender.     Stigma  entire   or  minutely  3-cleft. 
Fruit  an  akene  with  the  seed  hanging. 

VALERIANEL'LA 

Low  annuals  with  stems  generally  simple,  and  flowers  in 
cymes  forming  whorls  at  intervals  along  the  stem.  Corolla 
rose-color,  small,  with  tube  swollen  at  base,  or  with  a  spur 
and  a  2-lipped  border.  Calyx  without  a  border.  The  species 
are  few  but  somewhat  difficult  to  distinguish. 

VALERLA/NA,  Valerian 

Perennials,  with  simple  stems.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal 
panicles  or  cymes.  Corolla  white  or  pale  pink.  Calyx  limb  of 
5-15  bristle-like  lobes,  which  are  curled  up  ivhen  the  flower  is  in 
bloom,  but  spread  out,  becoming  feathery  in  fruit.  Stamens  3. 

a.  V.  sylvat'ica  Richardson.  Stems  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
from  running  rootstocks.  Root  leaves  simple,  on  long,  slender 
petioles,  or  compound.  Stem  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-11 
leaflets,  which  are  entire  or  sparingly  toothed.  Cymes  closely  flow- 
ered, more  open  in  fruit.  Flowers  light-pink  or  white,  \  in.  long. 
In  the  mountains,  from  middle  to  great  elevations.  Summer. 


CAMPANULA'CE^aS.     HAREBELL  FAMILY 

Herbs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla  usually  blue, 
withering  and  persisting.  Stamens  generally  5,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  ripening 
before  the  pistil.  Stigma  with  2-5  lobes,  which  do  not 
expand  until  some  time  after  the  flower  opens.  Style'  hairy, 
so  as  to  collect  the  pollen.  Capsule  2-5-celled,  with  axillary 
placenta,  opening  by  holes  at  the  top  or  on  the  sides. 

I.    GITHOP'SIS 

Low,  simple  or  branched  annuals,  with  small  blue  flowers. 
Calyx  with  a  10-ribbed  tube  and  5  long,  narrow,  leaf -like  lobes. 


160  KEY  AND  FLORA 

Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  with  short  fila- 
ments dilated  at  the  base.  Pistil  with  three  stigmas  and  a 
3-celled  ovary.  Capsule  long  and  narrow,  firm  in  texture  and 
strongly  ribbed,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx  lobes,  opening  by 
a  hole  at  the  top  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style. 

G.  specularioi'des  Nutt.  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed. 
Corolla  deep  blue  with  a  white  center.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles 
at  the  ends  of  the  stems  and  branches.  This  is  widely  distributed, 
but  not  conspicuous. 

II.     CAMPANULA,   Harebell 

Perennial  herbs  with  determinate  inflorescence.  Calyx 
lobes  narrow.  Corolla  blue,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
5,  with  the  filaments  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  short  and 
roundish,  3-5-celled,  opening  on  the  sides  or  near  the  base  by 
3—5  small)  uplifted  valves,  leaving  round  perforations. 

a.  C.  prenanthoi'des  Durand.     Stems  clustered,  slender,  a  foot  or 
two  high.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  those  on  the  stem 
mostly  sessile,  the    lower  ones  on  short   petioles.     Pedicels   shorter 
than  the  flowers.     Calyx  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Style 
conspicuously  extending  beyond  the  corolla.     This  is  found  in  moist, 
shady  places  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and 
in  redwood  forests  along  the  coast. 

b.  C.  Scou'leri  Hook.      Stems    slender,  branching,    a    foot   or    so 
high,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent.     Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  sharply 
serrate,  tapering  to  a   petiole.     Flowers   on    long  pedicels,  somewhat 
panicled.     Corolla  oblong  in  bud,  exceeding  the  slender  calyx  lobes, 
deeply  5-cleft,  with  ovate-oblong  lobes.    In  shady  woods  from  middle 
California  north  to  British  Columbia. 


LOBELIA'CE^.     LOBELIA  FAMILY 

Low  herbs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  simple,  alternate. 
Flowers  scattered  or  in  racemes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  adnate  to  the 
ovary  or  only  to  its  lower  half.  Corolla  irregular,  apparently 
2-lipped,  inserted,  with  the  free  part  of  the  calyx,  on  the 
ovary.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Filaments  united  into  a  tube  at  the  base  and  usually  even  to 
the  top.  Style  1,  stigma  2-lobed.  Ovary  2-celled  with  an 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  161 

axillary  placenta,  or  1-celled  with,  parietal  placentae.     Capsule 
many-seeded,  the  seeds  with  endosperm. 

DOWNIN'GIA,  GARDENERS'  NAME  Clinto'nia 

Low  and  spreading  smooth  annuals,  growing  in  low,  wet 
places  that  gradually  dry  ("hog  wallows  ").  Leaves  small, 
sessile,  entire,  becoming  bracts  above.  Calyx  tube  and  ovary 
very  long  and  slender,  becoming  twisted,  the  divisions  of  the 
calyx  linear  and  leaf-like.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  smaller  lip 
of  2  narrow,  recurved,  or  spreading  divisions  ;  the  other  broad, 
3-lobed,  deep  blue,  with  a  white  or  yellow  center.  Filaments 
and  anthers  united  into  a  curved  tube.  Capsule  long  and 
slender,  becoming  1-celled,  splitting  along  the  sides  but  closed 
at  the  top. 

a.  D.  el'egans  Torr.     Low,  with  ovate  to  lanceolate  leaves,  acute. 
The  smaller  lip  of  the  corolla  of  2  lanceolate  divisions;  the  other  3-lobed, 
blue  with  a  white  center.     Northern  California  to  Washington  and 
Idaho. 

b.  D.  pulchella  Ton.     Stems  3-6  in.  high.     Leaves   lanceolate, 
obtuse.     The  smaller  lip   of  the  corolla  with  2  oblong  divisions;   the 
other  broad,  3-lobed,  azure  blue,  with  a  large  white  or  yellow  spot  in 
the  center.     Through  middle  California  to  Oregon. 

COMPOSTTJE.     COMPOSITE  FAMILY 

Flowers  in  a  dense  head  on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded 
by  a  calyx-like  involucre,  generally  of  many  greenish  bracts. 
Corollas  either  strap-shaped,  forming  rays,  and  often  5-toothed ; 
or  tubular  and  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
corolla,  with  the  anthers  united  in  a  tube  around  the  style. 
Style  2-cleft  above.  Fruit  an  akene,  often  provided  with 
means  of  transportation,  such  as  thistledown,  barbs,  scales, 
and  so  on,  known  as  pappus  and  often  representing  the  calyx. 
This  is  the  largest  family  of  flowering  plants,  including  the 
sunflower,  aster,  chrysanthemum,  daisy,  thistle,  dandelion, 
chicory.  The  flowers  are  among  the  most  specialized  for  in- 
sect pollination.  The  genera  here  included  belong  to  the 


162  KEY   AND   FLORA 

three  suborders  :  I,  LIGULIFLORJE,  the  corollas  all  strap-shaped 
and  flowers  all  perfect ;  II,  LABIATIFLOR^E,  corollas  of  all  or 
only  the  perfect  flowers  2-lipped  ;  III,  TUBULIFERJE,  corolla 
of  the  perfect  flowers  tubular  and  5-lobed.  To  the  latter 
belong  nine  tribes,  eight  of  which  are  represented  by  the 
plants  included.  The  figures  refer  to  illustrations  in  Part  I. 

KEY  TO  THE  SUBORDERS  AND  TRIBES  OF  COMPOSITE 

SUBORDER  I.  —  LIGULIFLO'R^E.  All  flowers  ray  flowers. 
Herbs  with  milky  juice. 

SUBORDER  II.  —  LABIATIFLO'RJE.  Corollas  of  all  or  only 
the  perfect  flowers  2-lipped.  Receptacle  naked  ;  anthers  with 
conspicuous  tails ;  style  branches  short,  smooth,  without 
appendages. 

SUBORDER  III.  —  TUBULIFLO'R^:.  Flowers  tubular,  the 
outer  ones  only  with  rays,  or  the  ray  flowers  entirely  wanting. 
The  accompanying  figures  are  to  illustrate  the  descriptions  of 
the  several  tribes.  They  represent  the  style  branches  and 
anthers  as  seen  when  magnified. 

Tribe  1.  EUPATORIA'CE^E.  Heads  without  rays.  Flowers 
all  perfect,  never  yellow.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style 
branches  club-shaped. 

Tribe  2.  ASTEROI'DE^E.  Heads  with  or  without  rays. 
Anthers  without  tails.  Style  branches  of  disk  flowers  flat, 
tipped  with  an  appendage.  Leaves  all  alternate. 

Tribe  3.  INULOI'DEJE.  Heads  usually  without  ray  flowers. 
Anthers  with  tails.  Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  neither 
truncate  nor  tipped  with  an  appendage. 

Tribe  4>  AMBRO'SIJE.  Heads  without  ray  flowers.  Anthers 
distinct,  not  united.  Style  abortive,  truncate.  Corolla  of 
female  flowers  rudimentary  or  wanting.  Pappus  none. 

Tribe  5.  HELIANTHOI'DE^:.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style 
branches  of  perfect  flowers  truncate  or  tipped  with  an  append- 
age. Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  papery.  Pappus  never 
capillary.  Receptacle  with  chaffy  scales  mixed  among  the 
flowers  or  only  near  those  on  the  outside. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS 


163 


Tribe  6.  HELENIOI'DE^.  Similar  to  ffelianthoidece,  but 
there  are  no  chaffy  scales  on  the  receptacle. 

Tribe  7.  ANTHEMOI'DE^E.  Similar  to  Helianthoidece,  but 
the  involucre  consists  of  papery  bracts  in  regular  rows,  the 
pappus  is-  a  short  crown  or  wanting,  and  the  receptacle  rarely 
has  chaffy  scales  mixed  with  the  flowers. 


FIG.  5.  FIG.  6.  FIG.  7.  FIG.  8. 

a 


FIG.  9. 


FIG.  10. 


FIG.  11. 


Fig.  5.  Anthers  with  tails  (c,  tails).— Fig.  6.  Anthers  without  tails  (d,  base  of 
anthers) .  —  Fig.  7.  Style  and  stigma  of  Tribe  9.  —  Figs.  8, 9.  Flat  style  branches 
tipped  with  an  appendage  (a,  appendages).  —  Fig.  10.  Style  branches  of  Tribe 
3.  —  Fig.  11.  Truncate  style  branches.  —  e,  the  part  of  the  anthers  containing 
the  pollen;  b,  the  stigmatic  part  of  the  style. 

Tribe  8.  SEXECIONI'DEJE.  Similar  to  Helianthoidece,  but 
the  pappus  is  abundant  and  capillary  and  the  receptacle  is 
destitute  of  chaffy  scales.  The  bracts  of  the  involucre  are 
generally  in  a  single  series. 


164  KEY  AND  FLOKA 

Tribe  9.  CYNAROI'DE^:.  Anthers  either  with  tails  or  arrow- 
shaped.  Style  branches  without  tips  or  appendages,  often 
united  at  the  apex.  Corollas  all  tubular,  with  long,  narrow, 
linear  divisions.  Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

SUBORDER  I.  —  LIGULIFLO'R^E 

All  the  flowers  ray  flowers.  Herbs  with  milky  juice.  The 
flowers  are  generally  closed  in  the  afternoon. 

I.    CICHO'RIUM,  Chicory 

Perennial  herbs  with  long,  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
radical  and  alternate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Heads  an  inch 
or  more  in  diameter,  bright  blue,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  series,  firmly  enclosing  the  ripe 
akenes.  Pappus  1  or  2  series  of  short,  obtuse  scales. 

C.  In'tybus  L.  This  is  very  beautiful  in  the  summer  and  fall. 
The  stems  become  garlands  of  bright  blue  flowers.  It  has  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

II.     HYPOCHJE'RIS,   Cat's  Ear 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  the  leaves  all  radical,  and 
forming  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  Stems  naked, 
branching,  terminated  by  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  in  rows ;  receptacle  with  chaffy  scales  that 
fall  soon.  Pappus  consisting  of  1  row  of  feathery  hairs  and 
an  outer  row  of  short,  stiff  bristles.  The  two  species  are 
introduced.  • 

a.  H.  gla'bra  L.     Annual.     Stems  several,  slender,  erect.     Heads 
rather  small,  with  the   involucres   as  long  as  the  flowers.     Widely 
distributed. 

b.  H.  radica'ta  L.     Perennial.     Stems  many.     Heads  much  larger, 
the  involucres  shorter  than  the  flowers.     Not  quite  so  common  as 
the  preceding. 

IH.    TRAGOPO'GON,  Oyster  Plant,  Salsafy 

Smooth  herbs  from  fleshy  tap-roots.  Leaves  thin,  lax, 
sessile,  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Heads  large,  with  purple 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  165 

flowers,  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  one  series,  united  at  the 
base  and  generally  longer  than  the  flowers.  Akenes  with  long 
beaks  and  plentiful  brownish  pappus  hairs,  that  are  .feathery, 
with  naked  tips,  and  'so  numerous  that  they  interlace. 

T.  porrifo'lius  L.  This  is  common,  having  escaped  from  culti- 
vation. The  large  purple  heads  are  on  thick,  hollow  stems.  The 
flowers  soon  fade. 

IV.    MICRO'SERIS 

Low  herbs,  with  leaves  chiefly  radical  and  heads  of  yel- 
low flowers  on  naked  stems,  mostly  nodding  before  opening. 
Akenes  ribbed,  truncate  at  apex ;  pappus  of  several  papery 
scales  that  spread  in  fruit.  The  species  are  rather  difficult  to 
distinguish. 

V.     STEPHANOME'RIA 

Herbs  with  smooth,  almost  leafless  branches.  Heads  oipink 
flowers,  numerous,  sessile,  scattered  along  the  naked  stems, 
in  bloom  only  in  the  morning.  Akenes  5-ribbed,  truncate  at 
both  ends,  with  plumose  bristles. 

S.  virga'ta  Benth.  This  is  simple  or  widely  branched,  and  often 
grows  to  a  height  of  several  feet.  The  bracts  of  the  involucre  are 
in  a  single  row,  with  a  few  loose  ones  at  base.  This  is  in  bloom 
through  the  summer  and  fall.  Widely  distributed. 


VI.    RAFINES'QUIA 

Annual,  smooth  herbs,  with  leafy,  branching  stems,  and 
heads  of  while  or  flesh-colored  flowers  an  inch  in  diameter, 
terminating  the  branches.  Akenes  terete,  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  a  slender  beak.  Pappus  white,  cobwebby. 

R.  Califor'nica  Nutt.  This  is  the  common  species,  which  is  widely 
distributed  but  seldom  abundant. 


VH.    MALACO'THRIX 

Generally  annual,  with  leafy  or  scape-like  stems.  Flowers 
various.  The  akenes  have  the  apex  developed  into  a  crown,  and 
the  silky  pappus  bristles  falling  in  a  ring. 


166  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  M.  Courteri   Gray.     Erect,  with   glaucous   stems  and  leaves. 
The  bracts  of  the  involucre  are  broad,  blunt,  shining,  and  papery,  with  a 
green  midrib,  loosely  arranged  in  several  rows ;  the  flowers  are  white, 
turning  pink  in  drying  or  fading.     This  is  one  of  the  most  notice- 
able annuals  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

b.  M.  Calif or'nica  DC.     Annual,  with  the  heads  large,  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  scape-like  stems,  the  leaves  all  radical  and  pinnately  parted 
into  narrow,  linear  divisions.     Flowers  yellow.     The  scales  of  the 
involucre  are  linear  and  loosely  ranked.      Pappus  of    2    persistent 
bristles   and    minute-pointed  teeth  between.     This  generally  grows 
in  sandy  soil,  and  is  most  common  in  southern  California. 

c.  M.  saxa'tilis  T.  &  G.     Perennial,  with  leafy,  branching  stems, 
1—4  ft.  high.     Leaves  entire  or  cut  into  slender  divisions  from  lan- 
ceolate to  thread-like,  in  some  varieties  quite  fleshy.     Heads  many- 
flowered,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  terminating  the  branchlets, 
white  turning  to  rose-color.     Involucres  of  numerous,  narrow  bracts 
extending    down  onto  the  peduncle.     Akenes  ribbed,  the   summit 
with  a  border  of  minute  white  teeth.     This  is  common  in  southern 
California,  blooming  in  summer  and  fall,  and  in  several  varieties 
from  the  seacoast  to  the  higher  hills. 


Vni.    TROX'IMON,  Western  Dandelion 

Perennial  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  and  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  on  hollow  scapes.  Akenes  with  smooth  ribs  and  a  long 
beak  ;  the  bristles  of  the  capillary  pappus  falling  singly.  The 
involucre  consists  of  bracts  in  several  series. 


IX.    TARAX'ACUM,  Dandelion 

Similar  to  Troximon.  The  akenes  have  a  long  beak  and  the 
bristles  of  the  pappus  persist  on  the  akene.  The  only  species 
is  not  native. 

X.    SON'CHUS,  Sow  Thistle 

Herbs  with  spiny  leaves,  and  erect,  branching  stems.  Heads 
with  the  bracts  in  several  series,  and  flowers  yellow.  Akenes 
flat,  with  soft,  silky-white,  capillary  pappus. 

a.  S.  olera'ceus  L.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  tipped  with  soft  spiny 
teeth,  tapering  from  an  auricled  base  to  a  long  point,  the  auricles 
acute,  akenes  rough.  This  is  a  very  common  introduced  weed. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  167 

b.  S.  as'per  Vill.  Erect,  more  robust  than  the  preceding,  with 
leaves  decidedly  spiny  ;  the  auricles  of  the  leaves  are  rounded.  The 
akenes  are  smooth  with  sharp  edges.  This  is  less  common  than  the 
preceding. 

SUBORDER  II.  —  LABIATIFLO'RAE 

Corollas  of  all  or  only  the  perfect  flowers  2-lipped.  Recep- 
tacle naked ;  anthers  with  conspicuous  tails ;  style  branches 
short,  smooth,  without  appendages. 

PERE'ZIA 

Herbs  with  alternate,  rigid  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or  in 
panicles,  purple  or  white,  all  perfect.  Involucre  with  leathery 
scales  in  several  ranks.  Corolla  with  slender  tube  ;  the  outer, 
longer  lip  3-toothed  ;  the  inner  2-toothed  or  2-cleft.  Anthers 
with  long,  naked  tails  at  base  and  a  lanceolate  appendage  at 
apex.  Akenes  usually  glandular.  Pappus  of  rough,  hair-like 
bristles. 

P.  microceph/ala  Gray.  Stems  2-3  ft.  high,  branching,  glandular 
at  the  upper  part,  leafy  to  the  top.  Leaves  thin,  veiny,  oblong  to 
ovate,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  margin  with  minute  spine- 
tipped  teeth.  Heads  numerous  in  corymbs  at  the  ends  of  the 
panicled  branches.  Flowers  rose-purple.  This  is  common  in  south- 
ern California,  blooming  in  the  summer  and  fall. 


SUBORDER  III.  —  TUBULIFLO'RJE 

Flowers  tubular,  the  outer  ones  only  with  rays,  or  the  ray 
flowers  entirely  wanting. 

Tribe  1.  EUPATORIA'CE^:.  Heads  without  rays.  Flowers 
all  perfect,  never  yellow.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style 
branches  club-shaped. 

I.     BRICKEI/LIA 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  veiny 
leaves.  Heads  few-  to  many-flowered  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
somewhat  papery,  in  regular  rows,  nerved  with  parallel  rows 
or  veins.  Receptacle  naked.  Corollas  slender,  5-toothed  at 


168  KEY   AND   FLORA 

summit,  with  the  teeth  glandular  on  the  outside.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  feathery  or  rough  bristles.  Flowers  white, 
greenish  or  pinkish. 

B.  Califor'nica  Gray.  Stems  2-3  ft.  high,  with  wand-like  branches, 
usually  growing  in  bunches.  Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate, 
about  an  inch  long.  Heads  in  axillary  clusters,  together  forming 
an  interrupted,  erect  panicle.  Common  through  California,  often 
growing  in  the  gravelly  beds  of  streams.  Blooming  in  the  summer 
and  fall. 

Tribe  2.  ASTEROI'DE^E.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style 
branches  of  disk  flowers  flat,  tipped  with  an  appendage. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 


n.    GRINDE'LIA,  Gum  Plant 

Coarse,  resinous  herbs,  with  toothed  leaves,  large  heads  ivith 
yellow  rays  and  disk,  in  bud  covered  with  a  drop  of  milky-look- 
ing resin.  Scales  of  the  broad  involucre  in  several  series,  with 
green,  spreading  tips.  Akenes  compressed.  Pappus  of  a  few 
bristles  that  fall  off  easily.  This  is  the  most  recommended 
cure  for  the  poisoning  from  Poison  Oak.  There  are  several 
.species  difficult  to  determine. 


m. 

Much-branched,  slender-stemmed  plants,  with  numerous 
small  rayless  heads  of  yelloiv,  purple,  or  white  flowers  on  slender 
peduncles,  the  corollas'  of  the  outside  flowers  having  the  lobes 
usually  elongated  and  unequal.  Involucre  silky-hairy.  Pappus 
a  single  row  of  stiff  rough  bristles.  They  bloom  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  the  flowers  deck  the  steins  like  small  rosettes. 

a.  L.    Germano'rum    Cham.      YELLOW    LESSINGIA.      Low    and 
spreading,  with  heads  of  yellow  flowers.     Outer  corollas  with  lobes 
unequal. 

b.  L.  lepto'clada  Gray.     Stems  from  a  few  inches  to  2  ft.  high, 
much  branched,  with  numerous,  very  slender,  smooth  branchlets,  termi- 
nated by  the  heads  of  lilac  or  white  flowers.     Lobes  of  the  corolla 
equal,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  pappus.     This  is  widely  spread  and 
very  variable.     The  lower  leaves  are  frequently  dry  when  the  plant 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  169 

is  in  bloom.  They  are  spatulate,  toothed,  white-woolly;  the  upper 
are  triangular-ovate  and  closely  sessile.  Western  and  central  Cali- 
fornia. Variable. 

IV.    CHRYSOP'SIS,  Golden  Aster 

Perennial  herbs  with  many  stems  from  the  root,  very  leafy, 
with  alternate,  sessile  leaves.  Heads  either  with  or  without 
rays,  solitary  or  in  corymbs.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in 
several  series,  either  with  or  without  papery  margins,  and 
without  green  tips.  Flowers  yellow.  Akenes  compressed, 
hairy.  Pappus  usually  double  ;  the  inner  a  row  of  long,  rough, 
rusty  bristles ;  the  outer  a  row  of  short,  narrow,  chaffy  scales 
or  bristles. 

a.  C.  sessiliflo'ra  Nutt.     Hairy  or  soft-woolly,  with  stems  a  foot 
or  so  high.     Heads  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  rays.     There 
are  several  varieties  of  this  which  are  considered  species  by  some 
botanists.     Common,  and  in  bloom  all  the  year. 

b.  C.  Orega'na  Gray.     Stems  spreading,  branched  above,  rough- 
hairy.     Heads  numerous  without  rays,  the  involucre  almost  equal- 
ing  the   flowers.     The   outer   pappus   consists   of   slender  bristles 
rather  than  chaffy  scales.     This  is  found  in  dry  stream-beds  through 
middle  California  to  Washington. 


V.    APLOPAPTUS 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  numerous  heads  of  yellow  flowers, 
the  outer  ones  having  rays  (with  one  or  two  exceptions). 
•Uracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series.  Akenes  narrow,  with 
pappus  in  one  row.  Receptacle  honeycombed. 

a.  A.    linearifolius   DC.   .  Shrubby,    much   branched,   forming   a 
bushy  plant.     Leaves  an  inch  or  less  long,  sometimes  in  clusters,  viscid, 
and  covered  with  resinous  dots.     Heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
numerous  branchlets,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  with  the  ray 
flowers  irregularly  placed,  so  that  the  head  has  an  untidy  appear- 
ance ;  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  are  also  less  regular  than  in  other 
species.     Akenes  silvery-hairy,  with  white  pappus  that  falls  readily. 
On  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  A.  ericoi'des  Hook.  &  Arn.     Shrubby,  much  branched,  with  low, 
spreading  branches.     Heads  small,  numerous,  with  few  yellow  flowers 
and  but  few  rays.     Leaves  very  numerous,  small,  terete,  closely  clus- 
tered into  small,  somewhat  fan-shaped  bunches,  which  rather  densely  clothe 


170  KEY   AND   FLORA 

the  stem.     This  is  common  on  sand-hills  along  the  coast.     (There  are 
many  other  species  quite  dissimilar  in  general  appearance.) 

VI.    BIGELO'WIA,  Rabbit-brush 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  numerous  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers,  without  rays.  Involucres  narrow,  with  bracts 
arranged  one  above  the  other  in  rows  not  always  distinct, 
without  green  tips.  Akenes  narrow,  usually  nerved.  Pappus 
of  almost  equal  bristles.  The  heads  are  generally  in  close  com- 
pound cymes,  terminating  the  stems. 

B.  arbores'cens  Gray.  Shrubby,  several  feet  high,  with  many  erect 
branches  from  a  woody  stem.  Leaves  linear,  almost  thread-like, 
thickly  clothing  the  stems,  covered  with  resinous  dots.  On  dry  hills 
of  the  Coast  Mountains,  rarely  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

VII.    SOLEDA'GO,  Golden-rod 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems  and  small  heads  numerous 
in  panicles.  Bracts  of  the  narrow  involucre  not  spreading, 
in  several  rows,  the  outer  ones  regularly  .diminishing.  Outer 
flowers  with  small  rays.  Pappus  in  one  row,  dull  white,  rough 
and  capillary. 

a.  S.  Calif  or'nica  Nutt.     Stems  and  leaves  hoary  and  rough  to  the 
touch,  covered  with  a  fine,  close  pubescence.     Stems   from  1    to  3  ft. 
tall,  terminated  by  the  numerous  heads  of  pale-yellow  flowers  in  a 
close  panicle,  sometimes  pyramidal  and  more  branched.    This  grows 
on  dry  ground,  throughout  California. 

b.  S.  spathula'ta  DC.     Stems  and  leaves  glutinous  (sticking  to  the 
paper  when  pressed),  dark-green.     Stems  1-2  ft.  tall,  terminated  by 
a  spike-like  panicle  of  rather  few  heads,  which  are  larger  than  those 
of  the  other  species.     Lower  leaves  spatulate,  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
serrate,  2-4  in.  long.     This  grows  near  the  coast. 

c.  S.   elonga'ta  Nutt.     Stems    leafy,    with    thin,    lanceolate,    serrate 
leaves,  2-3  in.  long.     Heads  small,  in  more  open  panicles  than  the 
two  preceding.     Involucre  with  linear  bracts.     This  is  widely  dis- 
tributed, growing  along  streams  and  in  gulches. 

VIE.     AS'TER 

Perennial  herbs  with  solitary  or  clustered  heads  of  flowers 
with  rays  which  are  never  yellow.  The  bracts  of  the  involucre 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  171 

are  in  several  rows,  and  have  green  and  often  leafy  tips. 
Akenes  compressed,  4  or  5  nerved.  Pappus  dull  white  or 
tawny,  of  numerous  rough,  capillary  bristles,  in  a  single  row. 
The  disk  flowers  are  yellow,  often  turning  purple,  and  the  rays 
are  white,  blue,  pink,  or  purplish. 

a.  A.  raduli'nus  Gray.     Stem  simple  below,  from  a  few  inches 
to  1  or  2  ft.  high,  leafy,  branching  above  to  an  open  corymb  of  medium- 
sized  heads.     Leaves  diminishing  towards  the  top,  stiff  and  rough, 
oblong  or  broadly  spatulate,  sharply  serrate  near  the  top,  tapering 
below.     Bracts   of   the  involucre  stiff,   appressed,  with  green  tips 
often   glandular.       Rays   white,    the   disk    corollas   becoming   reddish. 
Pappus  rigid.     Monterey  County  to  Washington. 

b.  A.  Chamisso'nis  Gray.     Stems  2-5  ft.  high,  leafy  and  branch- 
ing, terminated  by  numerous  medium-sized  heads  in  long  racemes  or  in 
icidely  branching  panicles.     Leaves  lanceolate,  2-5  in.  long,  entire  or 
slightly  serrate,  sessile.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  ranks, 
with  short  and  rounded  tips.     Kays  white,  purple,  or  violet,  20—25, 
nearly  half  an   inch   long.     This   is   the  most  widely  distributed 
species.     It  is  somewhat  variable  in  the  size  and  color  of  the  rays 
and  also  the  inflorescence.     Throughout  California  to  Oregon. 


IX.    ERIG'ERON 

This  is  similar  to  Aster,  but  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  are 
in  a  single  roiu,  or  if  there  is  more  than  one  the  ranks  are  not 
distinctly  apparent.  The  pappus  is  often  in  two  rows,  and 
the  rays  are  generally  more  numerous  and  narrower. 

a.  E.  glau'cus  Ker.     SEASIDE  DAISY.     Generally,  low,  perennial 
herbs,  growing  in  mats  near  the  seacoast.     Leaves  and  stem  covered 
with  soft,  spreading  hairs.     Leaves  broad,  entire ;  the  upper  ones 
sessile,  the  lowest  narrowed  to  a  margined  petiole.     Heads  an  inch 
or  two  in  diameter,  with  numerous  violet  or  white  rays,  and  the  invo- 
lucres soft-hairy  and  somewhat  viscid.     The  stems  are  terminated 
usually  by  solitary  heads ;  sometimes  there  are  3  or  4  in  a  duster. 
This  is  common  on  the  coast,  and  in  bloom  throughout  the  year. 

b.  E.  Philaderphicus  L.     Perennial  herbs,  with  stems  from  1  to 
3  ft.  tall,  hairy.     Root  leaves  spatulate   or  obovate,   those  on  the 
stem  oblong,  sessile  by  a  broad,  clasping  base,  irregularly  toothed. 
Heads   in   a  loose  corymb,   with   numerous   very   narrow  pinkish    rays. 
This  is  common  in  wet  places. 

c.  E.    folio'sus    Nutt.       Perennials,    with    several    stems   from    a 
woody  root,  simple,  very  brittle,  and  leafy  up  to  the  corymb,  with 


172  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a  rough,  grayish  pubescence.  Leaves  narrow,  an  inch  or  two  long, 
entire,  diminishing  upwards.  Pleads  with  unequal  bracts  to  the  invo- 
lucre and  about  30  bluish  rays.  Inner  pappus  capillary,  outer  of  a 
few  short  bristles.  Throughout  California.  Extremely  variable. 

d.  E.  Canaden'sis  L.  FLEABANE.  Annual  with  stems  from  1 
to  6  ft.  tall.  Heads  very  small,  numerous  in  a  loosely  and  much- 
branched  panicle.  Leaves  mostly  linear,  numerous.  Rays  ivhite, 
inconspicuous.  This  grows  everywhere  and  is  a  common  weed. 

X.    BAC'CHARIS 

Dioecious  shrubs  having  numerous  heads  without  rays  and 
with  the  scales  of  the  involucre  in  several  rows.  Pappus 
capillary  in  one  row,  very  abundant  on  the  female  flowers. 

a.  B.    pilula'ris   DC.     Stems  much  branched,  erect,  several  feet 
high,  in  bunches  often  forming  thickets,  or  (on  the  coast  hills)  low  and 
spreading.     Leaves  sessile,  wedge-shaped,  dark-green,  coarsely  toothed. 
Heads  either  solitary  or  two  or  three  in  a  cluster  in  the  leaf  axils, 
very  numerous.     Male  heads  yellowish  white, -the  stamens  conspicu- 
ous, slightly  surpassing  the  involucre.     Female  flowers  noticeable, 
because  of  the  long  snow-white  pappus,  which  is  much  longer  than 
the  involucre.     This  is  very  common  along  the  entire  coast  in  sandy 
soil.     It  blooms  in  autumn  and  is  often  covered  with  small  gall-nuts. 

b.  B.  Douglas'ii  DC.     Shrubby  at  base,  glutinous,  the  herbaceous 
branches  terminated  by  compound  corymbs.     Leaves  lance-shaped, 
acute,  3-nerved.     Scales  of  the  involucre  broader  in  the  male  heads  than 
in  the  female,  hairy  on  the  margin.     Receptacle  conical.     Flowers 
whitish.     Common  from  San  Francisco  southward,  along  streams. 

c.  B.  vimin'ea  DC.     FLOWERING  WILLOW.     Shrubby,  resembling 
a  willow,  with  woody  branches.     Stems  4-20  ft.  tall.     Leaves  lance- 
shaped,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth.     Heads  numer- 
ous in  corymbs  terminating  the  branches.     Scales  of  the  involucre 
very  thin,  with  hairy,  papery  margins.     Receptacle  flat.     This   is 
found  along  streams  from  Monterey  southward. 

Tribe  3.  INULOI'DE^E.  Anthers  with  tails.  Style  branches 
of  perfect  flowers  neither  truncate  nor  tipped  with  an  append- 
age. Ray  flowers  wanting  in  the  Californian  species. 

XI.    PLU'CHEA,  Marsh  Fleabane 

Annual  herbs  growing  in  salt  or  alkaline  marshes,  glan- 
dular, a  foot  or  two  high.  Heads  numerous  in  dense  corymbose 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  173 

cymes.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  purplish,  thin  and  dry,  in 
several  ranks.  Most  of  the  flowers  are  fertile,  the  sterile 
ones  in  the  center  are  purplish  or  sometimes  white.  Pappus 
of  fine,  capillary  bristles,  in  a  single  row. 

P.  camphora'ta  DC.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  broadly  lance-shaped, 
nearly  sessile,  irregularly  toothed.  The  entire  plant  has  a  heavy, 
aromatic  odor.  In  salt  or  alkaline  marshes. 


XH.    ANAPH'ALIS,  Pearly  Everlasting 

Dicecious,  perennial  herbs,  with  white-woolly  foliage. 
Involucre  of  many  rows  of  snow-white,  papery  scales.  Style 
2-cleft,  only  at  the  apex.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary 
bristles  falling  separately. 

A.  margarita'cea  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stems  1—3  ft.  high,  leafy  up 
to  the  broad  compound  corymb.  Leaves  narrow,  lance-shaped, 
1-nerved,  becoming  green  and  smooth  above.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre pearly  white,  not  longer  than  the  flowers.  Widely  distributed. 


XTTT.    GNAPHA'LIUM,  Everlasting,  Cotton-batting  Plant 

Annual  or  perennial  white-woolly  herbs,  with  whitish  or 
yellowish  flowers.  Heads  with  both  starninate  and  pistillate 
flowers,  the  latter  fewer  and  in  the  center.  Involucre  of  several 
ranks  of  papery  or  papery-tipped  scales.  Styles  in  perfect 
flowers,  2-cleft.  Pappus  of  capillary  .bristles  in  a  single  row. 

a.  G.  decur'rens  Ives.     Stems  usually  several  from  the  woody  root, 
1-3  ft.  high  and  rather  stout,  glandular  under  the  dense  wool.     Leaves 
lance-shaped,  with  the  blade  extending  down  the  stem.     Heads  many  in 
dense   corymbs  terminating  the   stems.     Involucre  bell-shaped,   of 
many  papery  scales  in  several  ranks.     The  plant  has  a  peculiar  odor, 
something  like  licorice.     It  is  common  and  widely  distributed  along 
the  coast. 

b.  G.  microceph'alum  Nutt.     Perennial  herbs,  with  slender,'  erect 
stems  2  ft.  or  more  high,  loosely  branched  above,  white,  with  a  close 
wool.     Leaves    linear,  the   lowest   spatulate.     Involucre  small,   with 
bright,  white,  obtuse  bracts.      The  herbage  is  odorless,  not  glandular. 

c.  G.  ramosis'simum  Nutt.     Perennial   herbs   with   erect   stems, 
3-6    ft.    high,    viscid,  green,  with  woolly  covering  not  abundant. 
Heads  in  loose  panicles,  small,  often  with  pink  involucres.     Leaves 


174  KEY   AND   FLORA 

lance-shaped,  with  the  blade  extending  down  the  stem.  The  entire 
plant  has  a  pleasant  aromatic  odor.  Common  on  hills  near  the  coast, 
blooming  in  summer. 

There  are  several  species  besides  these  that  are  quite 
common. 

Tribe  4-  AMBRO'SI^E.  Anthers  distinct  or  slightly  united. 
Style  abortive,  truncate.  Corolla  of  female  flowers  rudi- 
mentary or  none.  Staminate  heads  generally  in  a  cluster 
above  the  pistillate  ones.  Receptacle  with  chaffy  scales. 

XIV.    FRANSE'RIA 

Monoecious.  Staminate  heads  in  many-flowered  racemes. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup  ;  receptacle  with 
thread-like  scales  among  the  flowers.  Female  flowers  usu- 
ally one  or  few  in  the  leaf  axils,  each  surrounded  with  a  spiny 
involucre.  Akenes  enclosed  in  the  persistent  involucres,  which 
form  burs. 

a.  F.    bipinnatif'ida  Less.     Low  spreading,  perennial  herbs,  with 
grayish  pubescent  stems  and  leaves.     Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatel^ 
divided  into  roundish  divisions.     On  the  coast  from  Washington  to 
San  Diego. 

b.  F.  Chamisso'nis  Less.     Similar  to  the  above,  with  which-  it 
seems  to  mix.     The  leaves  are  ovate  or  wedge-shaped,  with  obtuse 
teeth.      These  two  species  grow  on  the  sand  dunes  of  the  coast  and 
are  frequently  associated. 

XV.    XANTHIUM,  Cocklebur 

Monoecious.  Male  heads  many-flowered,  with  the  scales  of 
the  involucre  distinct  in  one  series  ;  receptacle  cylindrical. 
Female  heads  united  and  enveloping  the  akene,  armed  with 
hooked  spines.  •  These  are  stout  annual  herbs,  with  an  abun- 
dance of  large  burs  in  the  fall. 

a.  X.  struma'rium  L.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  green  on 
both  sides,  on  long  petioles,  rough,  irregularly  toothed.     Burs  f  in. 
long,  ovate,  tipped  with  two  stout  beaks.      Common,  introduced. 

b.  X.  spino'sum  L.     Stems  much  branched,  very  spiny,  with  long 
triple  yellow  spines  by  the  sides  of  the  leaves.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
white  beneath,  twice  or  thrice  lobed  or  cut,  tapering  into  short 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  175 

petioles.     Burs  flat,  less  prickly  and  with  weaker  prickles  than  .the 
preceding,  and  inconspicuous  beaks.     Common,  introduced. 

Tribe  5.  HELIANTHOI'DE^:.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style 
branches  of  perfect  flowers,  truncate  or  tipped  with  an  append- 
age. Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  papery.  Pappus  never 
capillary.  Receptacle  with  chaffy  scales  mixed  among  the 
flowers  or  only  near  those  on  the  outside. 

XVI.    WYE'THIA,  California  Compass  Plants 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems  from  a  stout  rootstock. 
Leaves  alternate,  large,  the  same  on  both  sides,  erect,  the 
edges  pointing  north  and  south.  Heads  usually  solitary,  large, 
with  long  broad,  yellow  rays.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  or 
3  rows,  the  outer  leaf-like,  the  inner  thinner  and  somewhat 
membranous.  Receptacle  flat,  with  the  chaffy  scales  partially 
folded  around  the  akenes.  Pappus  forming  a  cup  on  top  of 
the  akene,  or  of  from  1  to  4  rigid  chaffy  awns.  These  plants 
bloom  early  in  the  flowering  season. 

a.  W.  helenioi'des  Nutt.     Stems  and  leaves  white-woolly  when  young. 
Leaves  all  on  short  petioles,  the  lowest  a  foot  or  two  long,  4-8  in.  wide. 
Heads  large,  4  in.  or  more  in  diameter,  leafy  at  base.    Akenes  pubes- 
cent towards  the  apex.     Pappus  scales  more  or  less  united  into  a 
cup.     In  bloom  early.     Around  San  Francisco  Bay  on  hillsides. 

b.  W.  gla'bra  Gray.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  whole  plant 
is  smooth  and  somewhat  glutinous,  the  leaves  are  leathery  and  dark-green. 
Akenes  smooth.     In  bloom  in  April  and  May.     In  the  Coast  Moun- 
tains, from  Marin  County  southward. 

c.  W.  angustifo'lia  Nutt.     Radical  leaves  long-lanceolate,  pointed  at 
both  ends.    Heads  smaller  than  the  two  preceding,  on  long  peduncles, 
leafy  only  at  base.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  numerous,  lanceolate, 
hairy  on  the  margin,  loose  and  leafy.     Pappus  of  1-4  stout  hirsute 
awns,  with  short  intervening  scales.     This  is  in  bloom  the  latest. 
It  is  common  and  widely  distributed. 

d.  W.  amplexicaulis  Nutt.     Smooth.     Upper  leaves  sessile.     Invo- 
lucre broad,   bell-shaped,    of   many   loose   scales.      Pappus   without 
bristles.     Eastern  Oregon  to  Washington. 

XVH.    BALSAMORRHTZA,  Balsam-root 

Perennial  herbs  with  thick  aromatic  roots  and  large  leaves 
chiefly  from  the  root.  Heads  large,  usually  solitary  and 


176  KEY   AND   FLORA 

terminating  almost  leafless  stems,  containing  many  flowers. 
Involucre  of  many  loose  leaf-like  scales  in  several  ranks. 
Ray  and  disk  flowers  fertile,  yellow.  Pappus  none.  Akene 
of  the  ray  flowers  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales;  those  of  the 
disk  with  Jf.  angles. 

a.  B.  sagitta'ta  Nutt.     Densely  covered  with    white  wool.     Leaves 
entire,  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  4-8  in.  long,  on  long  petioles. 
Scapes  a  foot  or  two  high.     Rays  yellow,  1-2  in.  long.     In  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  British  Columbia,  blooming  in  early 
spring. 

b.  B.  deltoi'dea  Nutt.      Green  and  almost  smooth.     Leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped  to  V-shaped,  irregularly  serrate  or  entire,  4-10  in.  long. 
Scapes  with  small  lanceolate  or  cordate  leaves  bearing  1-3  heads. 
Rays  an  inch  or  more  long.     Southern  California  to  British  Colum- 
bia, blooming  in  early  spring. 


XVHI.     HELIAN'THUS,  Sunflower 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  the  lowest  leaves  opposite, 
the  upper  alternate,  all  simple.  Heads  large,  with  conspicu- 
ous yellow  rays.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series, 
green,  but  not  leaf-like.  Receptacle  flat,  with  the  chaffy 
scales  numerous.  Akenes  slightly  flattened,  4-sided.  Pap- 
pus of  2  marginal  scales  that  fall  soon,  and  more  persistent 
minute  bristles  between. 

H.  Califor'nicus  DC.  Stems  tall,  2-5  ft.  high,  branching  above. 
Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  or  broader  at  base.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  long-spreading  point.  Recep- 
tacle convex,  with  the  chaffy  scales  blunt.  Akenes  flat,  with  a 
smooth  pappus  of  2  or  3  chaffy  scales.  This  grows  along  streams. 
The  flowers  are  quite  numerous  on  the  branches  at  the  top  of  the 
stem.  Common  from  around  San  Francisco  southward.  Summer 
and  fall. 

XIX.    ENCE'LIA 

Perennial,  shrubby  at  base,  branching.  Leaves  opposite  or 
alternate,  generally  simple.  Heads  containing  many  flowers  ; 
disk  flowers  perfect  ;  ray  flowers  generally  present  and 
neutral.  Involucre  bell-shaped  with  the  scales  in  several 
rows  one  above  the  other.  Akenes  flat,  with  a  thin  edge  but 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  177 

without  wings,  obovate,  2-toothed  at  summit  or  notched,   with 
long  hairs  or  without.     Pappus  none  or  a  pair  of  bristles. 

E.  Califor'nica  Nutt.  Gray  pubescent  at  first  but  becoming 
smoother  and  greener.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  1-2 
in.  long.  Involucre  covered  with  white  hairs.  Rays  an  inch  long, 
yellow. 

XX.    LEPTOS'YNE 

Smooth  succulent  herbs,  with  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pin- 
nately  parted  iuto  narrow,  linear  lobes.  Heads  on  long 
peduncles,  with  a  double  involucre,  the  outer  of  5-8  narrow, 
leaf-like  scales,  the  inner  of  8—12  thinner  and  broader  erect 
scales.  Rays  yellow,  conspicuous,  oblong,  3-toothed,  10-nerved. 
Receptacle  nearly  flat,  with  thin  papery  chaff  that  falls  with 
the  fruit.  Corollas  of  the  disk  flowers  with  a  slender  tube 
having  a  ring  around  the  summit  below  the  funnel-form 
border.  Akenes  flat,  more  or  less  margined  with  a  wing. 
Pappus  none,  or  a  minute  cup. 

a.  L.  Douglasli  DC.    Annual.     Stems  leafy  only  at  base.     Heads 
on  long,  naked  peduncles.     Rings  on  the  corolla  tube  hairy.     Common 
in  southern  California. 

b.  L.   Stiirmani  Gray.     Stems  leafy  below.     Involucre  hairy  at 
base.    Ring  on  the  corolla  tube  smooth.     This  is  the  commonest  species. 

c.  L.  marit'ima  and  L.  gigante'a  are  shrubby,  perennial  species 
with  thick  fleshy  stems.     The  former  grows  near  San  Diego  on  the 
coast ;  and  the  latter,  which  has  a  strong  odor  of  turpentine,  near 
the  coast  in  Ventura  and  San  Luis  Obispo  Counties,  and  on  the 
islands  off  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara. 


XXI.    BIDENS,  Bur  Marigold 

Annual  herbs,  usually  growing  near  water.  Leaves  opposite. 
Involucre  double,  as  in  Leptosyne.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
the  thin,  narrow,  chaffy  scales  falling  with  the  fruit.  Akenes 
with  a  pappus  of  2-4  awns,  barbed  downwards.  The  species 
are  somewhat  uncertain. 

XXII.    MA'DIA,  f arweed 

Annuals  with  glandular,  aromatic  foliage  and  flowers  that 
wilt  during  the  heat  of  the  day.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in 


178  KEY   AND   FLORA 

one  series,  boat-shaped,  and  embracing  the  black  or  brown 
flattened  akenes.  Receptacle  without  chaffy  scales  in  the 
center,  but  with  one  or  two  rows  between  the  disk  and  the 
ray.  Ray  flowers  and  usually  disk  floivers  without  pappus. 
Kays  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  at  base. 

a.  M.  el'egans  Don.    .Stems  branching.     Heads  in  loose  panicles 
an  inch  in  diameter,  with  conspicuous  yellow  rays,  often  with  a  brown 
spot  at  base.     Foliage  lemon-scented.     Widely  distributed. 

b.  M.    sati'va    Molina.       Stems    simple    or    branching.      Heads 
usually  densely  clustered,  with  inconspicuous  yellow  rays.     The  bracts 
enclosing  the  akenes  persist  around  the  akenes  and  adhere  to  other 
substances  by  means  of  their  viscidity,  thus  accomplishing  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  seed.     Widely  distributed. 


XXIII.    HEMIZO'NIA,  Tarweed 

This  is  similar  to  Madia,  the  chief  difference  being  the 
bracts  enclosing  the  akenes,  which  in  Madia  almost  entirely 
surround  the  individual  akenes,  while  in  Hemizonia  they  only 
half  enclose  them.  ("  Hemizonia  "  means  half  zone.)  The 
disk  flowers  generally  have  pappus  and  the  rays  are  either 
yellow  or  white.  Anthers  brown. 

a.  H.  luzulaefo'lia  DC.     Annual,  widely  branching.     Lower  leaves 
long,  linear,  silvery,  with  shining  white  hairs,  the  upper  leaves  very  glan- 
dular.    Heads  numerous,  with  white  or  yellow  3-lobed  rays  less  than 
^  in.  long,  the  dark-brown  anthers  conspicuous.     This  is  one  of  the 
commonest  Tarweeds,  blooming  in  summer  and  fall. 

b.  H.  pun'gens   (Centroma'dia).     Stems  much  branched,  hirsute. 
Lower  leaves  twice  pinrfatifid,  with  short  spiny  lobes,  those  on  the 
branchlets  entire,  crowded,  spine-tipped.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  spiny, 
and  also  the  narrow  chaff  of  the  receptacle.     Rays  about  as  long  as  the 
disk,  2  or  3  toothed.     Pappus  none.     This  is  common,  blooming  in 
summer  and  fall. 

c.  H.  multiglandulo'sa  Gray  (Calycade'nia) .     Annuals,  with  erect 
stems   and   branches ;  covered,  especially   above,  with   black   tack- 
shaped    glands ;    lemon-scented.      Leaves    narrowly   linear.     Heads 
crowded  in   the   axils  of  the   upper  leaves    or    sometimes  solitary. 
Flowers    white    or    tinged   with    rose-color,  the  rays  1—7,   broad,   deeply 
3-lobed.     Receptacle  flat,  with  chaffy   scales  only  between  the  ray 
and  the   disk    flowers.     Common   in  California.     The  species  are 
very  numerous  and  difficult. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS  179 


XXIV.     LAY'IA,  Tidy-tips  (BLEPHARIPAP'PUS) 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Heads  many-flowered, 
with  wedge-shaped,  3-toothed  rays.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
in  one  series,  with  papery  margins  and  pointed  tips,  com- 
pletely enclosing  the  ray  akenes.  Receptacle  flat,  with,  a  row 
of  chaffy  scales  between  the  ray  and  the  disk,  or  chaffy  through- 
out. Kay  akenes  linear,  often  purplish,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
flat  on  top,  without  pappus.  They  bloom  in  the  spring. 

a.  L.  glandulo'sa  Hook.  &  Am.     Loosely  branching,  about  a  foot 
high,  hairy,  and  sprinkled  above  with  stipitate,  dark-colored  glands. 
Pappus  of  disk  flowers,  of  10-20  stout  bristles,  that  are  densely  white- 
woolly  below  the  middle.     Heads  medium-sized,  with   8-13,  3-lobed, 
conspicuous    white   or    rose-purple    rays   and    yellow    disk.      Widely 
distributed. 

b.  L.  platyglos'sa  Gray.     TIDY-TIPS.     Loosely  branching  or  often 
simple-stemmed,    hairy,    and    glandular.       Lower    leaves   pinnately 
lobed,  with  narrow  divisions.     Heads  with  large  rays,  bright  yellow, 
edged  with  white.     Pappus  of  15-25  stout,  rough  bristles,  that  are  not 
woolly.    Ray  akenes  smooth,  those  of  the  disk  silky-hairy.    Through- 
out  California.       (There   are   several   other   species   not  so   easily 
distinguished.) 

Tribe  6.  HELENIOI'DE^:.  Similar  to  Helianthoidece,  but 
without  chaffy  scales  on  the  receptacle. 

XXV.    BAE1UA,  Golden  Fields  (LASTHENIA) 

Low  annuals  with  opposite  leaves,  entire  or  irregularly  pin- 
natifid  into  linear  lobes.  Heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles, 
terminating  the  branches  or  stems.  Involucre  formed  of  a 
single  series  of  flat,  oblong  scales.  Rays  entire  or  3-toothed, 
oval  or  oblong.  Receptacle  conical,  rough,  with  projecting 
points  that  bear  the  akenes.  Akenes  angled  or  nerved.  Pap- 
pus either  scales  or  bristles,  or  none.  These  little  plants 
cover  the  ground  for  acres,  and  look  like  a  golden  carpet 
spread  over  the  earth.  Some  species  have  a  sweet,  rather 
heavy  perfume. 

B.  gra'cilis  Gray.  SUNSHINE.  This  is  the  most  widely  spread  spe- 
cies, but  it  is  not  easily  distinguished  from  the  others.  Fragrant. 


180  KEY   AND   FLORA 


XXVI.     BLENNOSPER'MA 

Annuals,  low,  slender,  much  branched,  smooth.  Leaves 
pinnately  parted  into  many,  narrow,  linear  divisions.  Heads 
small,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Flowers  many,  light 
yellow.  .Involucre  with  bracts  in  a  single  series,  generally 
tipped  with  dark  red.  Receptacle  flat.  Ray  flowers  pistillate, 
without  pappus  ;  disk  flowers  sterile,  except  the  row  next  to  the 
ray  flowers.  Akenes  covered  with  white  dots  which  become  jelly- 
like  when  wet. 

B.  Califor'nicum  T.  &  G.  This  is  the  only  species.  It  grows  in 
wet  places  in  early  spring  and  often  covers  the  ground  for  miles 
along  highways. 

XXVII.     ERIOPHYI/LUM 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  entire  or  divided  leaves  clothed  with 
cottony  wool,  especially  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  yellow. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  lance-shaped,  united  at  base.  Pappus 
of  membranaceous  scales. 

a.  E.  staechadifolium  Lag.     LIZARD-LEAF.     Shrubby,  with  many 
stems  rising  from  a  woody  base,  terminated  by  loose  cymes  of  rather 
small  heads.     Leaves  cut  into    linear,  pinnate    divisions    somewhat 
resembling  a  lizard  in  outline,  green  above,  white  below.     Common 
in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  E.   confertiflo'rum  Gray.     Similar  to  the  above,  but  smaller, 
with  leaves  reduced  and  scattered,  white  on  both  sides.     Heads  almost 
destitute  of  rays  in  a  dense  corymb.     Extending  to  the  Sierras,  as  well 
as  in  the  Coast  Mountains. 

c.  E.    caespito'sum   Dougl.     Perennial   herbs,    with   many    stems 
from  the  root.     Heads  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  conspicuous 
rays,  solitary  or  few,  on  long  peduncles.     This  is  extremely  variable 
and  widely  distributed. 

XXVIH.    MONOLOTIA 

Annual  herbs  with  woolly  pubescence  and  sessile  leaves 
alternate  above,  sometimes  opposite  below.  Heads  large, 
terminating  the  stems  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a 
toothed  cup.  Receptacle  conical,  papillose.  Pappus  none. 
Flowers  yellow,  with  conspicuous  rays. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  181 

M.  ma'jor  DC.  Ray  corollas,  with  a  broad  3  or  4  toothed  or 
lobed  ray,  and  bearing  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  style  a  roundish, 
toothed  appendage.  Leaves  simple,  partly  clasping.  Heads  nearly 
2  in.  in  diameter,  very  showy.  Throughout  western  California,  in 
low  ground. 

XXIX.    CH^NAC'TIS 

Herbs  with  pinnately  compound  leaves,  more  or  less  white- 
woolly,  and  heads  of  yellow,  white,  or  flesh-colored  flowers 
without  rays ;  the  outer  corollas  often  have  an  enlarged 
border  simulating  a  ray.  Involucre  with  green,  linear,  erect 
bracts,  generally  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus 
of  chaffy  scales.  Akenes  slender.  The  heads  are  solitary, 
or  in  loose  clusters  on  peduncles.  The  species  are  not  easily 
distinguished. 

.   XXX.    HELE'NIUM,  Sneezeweed 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  heads 
on  peduncles  terminating  the  branchlets.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  in  2  series,  the  external  scales  narrow,  leaf-like, 
spreading,  and  at  length  reflexed,  the  internal  scales  few  and 
chaffy.  Receptacle  globular.  Pappus  of  5-12  thin,  chaffy 
scales.  Ray  flowers  yellow,  disk  flowers  often  purplish. 

a.  H.  puber'ulum  DC.     Widely  branched,  the  stems  winged  with 
the  decurrent  leaves.     Disk  forming  a  round  ball,  ray  flowers  incon- 
spicuous.    This  is  common  in  wet  places. 

b.  H.    Bolan'deri   Gray.     Perennial,   with   stems   a  foot   or   two 
high.     Heads    on    long,   naked   peduncles  which   are  thickened  at 
top.      Leaves   obovate    or   lanceolate.      Heads   large,  with   wedge- 
shaped  rays  an  inch  long;    disk   an   inch  across.     From  northern 
California  to  Washington. 

c.  H.  Bigelo'vii  Gray.     Stems  tall  and  simple.     Leaves  lanceolate 
to  oblong  or  linear,  entire.     Heads  on  long,  slender  peduncles,  with 
rays    half   an  inch    long  and  disk  as  broad,  somewhat  depressed. 
Common  in  wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  of  California. 

Tribe  7.  ANTHEMOI'DE^E.  Similar  to  Helianthoidece,  but 
the  involucre  consists  of  papery  bracts  in  regular  rows,  the 
pappus  is  a  short  crown  or  wanting,  and  the  receptacle  rarely 
has  chaffy  scales  mixed  with  the  flowers. 


182  KEY   AND   FLORA 


XXXI.     AN'THEMIS,  Dog  Fennel 

Herbs  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves  and  numerous  heads, 
terminating  the  branchlets.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  several 
series,  one  above  the  other.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
having  chaffy  scales  among  the  flowers.  Bay  flowers  white, 
those  of  the  disk  yellow.  Pappus  none.  Akenes  ribbed.  ' 

A.  Cot'ula  L.  WHITEWEED,  MAYWEED.  This  is  a  common  intro- 
duced weed,  and  blooms  in  summer  and  fall.  It  has  a  strong,  acrid 
taste  disagreeable  to  animals. 


XXXH.    ACHILLE'A,  Yarrow,  Milfoil 

Perennial  herbs,  strong-scented,  with  pinnately  dissected 
leaves.  Stems  usually  simple,  terminated  by  dense  corymbs  of 
small  heads  of  white  or  pinkish  flowers.  Involucres  with 
small  scales  in  several  rows.  Pappus  none,  akenes  flattened, 
margined.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle  thin  and  transparent. 

A.  millefo'lium  L.  This  is  common  and  widely  distributed.  The 
leaves  are  disposed  to  form  rosettes  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  are 
delicate  and  fern-like. 


XXXHI.     MATRICA'RIA,  Chamomile 

Erect  simple  or  branching  herbs,  with  pinnately  dissected 
leaves.  Heads  terminating  the  branches,  on  short  peduncles. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series.  Disk  greenish 
yellow,  conical.  Rays  white  when  present.  Pappus  in  a  crown 
or  wanting. 

M.  discoi'dea  DC.  MANZANILLA.  Annual,  erect,  branching. 
Heads  with  a  high  conical  disk  and  no  rays.  Involucre  with  white, 
papery  margins  to  the  broadly  ovate  scales.  Akenes  with  a  crown- 
like  margin  in  place  of  pappus.  This  plant  has  the  odor  of  ripe 
apples.  Widely  distributed. 

XXXTV.    ARTEMIS'IA,  Wormwood,  Sagebrush 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  bitter  taste  and  alternate  leaves. 
Heads  greenish,  small,  without  rays,  numerous  in  racemes  or 
panicles.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  with  papery  margins. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  183 

Receptacle  naked  or  hairy.  Akenes  obovate,  with  a  small  disk 
at  top,  but  without  pappus.  These  have  inconspicuous  flowers, 
often  an  aromatic  odor,  and  they  bloom  in  the  fall. 

a.  A.  vulga'ris  var.  Californica  Besser.     MUGWORT.     Stems  simple 
and  tall.      Upper  leaves  toothed  or  entire,  lower  3-5-parted,  green  on 
the  upper  surface,   white-woolly  below.     This  grows  in   gulches    and 
along  streams,  and  is  widely  distributed. 

b.  A.  Califor'nica  Less.    FLEABANE.   Shrubby,  with  many  branches 
from   a  woody  base,  3-4  ft.  high,  forming  a,  clump.     Entire  plant 
white-pubescent.      Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  thread-like  divisions. 
This  grows  on  dry  hills  and  is  pleasantly  aromatic.     Gommon  from 
San  Francisco  southward. 


XXXV.    COT'ULA,  Brass-buttons 

Small  introduced  annual  herbs,  having  heads  without  rays. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal,  papery  on  the  margins, 
in  2  ranks.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  papillose.  Akenes  flat- 
tened, ivith  spongy  margins.  Pappus  none.  Flowers  yellow. 

a.  C.  coronopifo'lia  L.     Smooth,  with  creeping  stems  and  rather 
fleshy  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate,  irregularly  pinnatifid,  toothed  or 
entire,  with  broad,  clasping  base.     Heads  £  in.  in  diameter,  flat  on 
top,  the  bright-yellow  disk  flowers  very  numerous.     This  grows  in  wet 
places,  and  is  very  common  near  the  coast. 

b.  C.  Australia  L.     Smaller  than  the  preceding,  hairy.     Leaves 
twice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  divisions.     Heads  very  small,  with 
flowers  greenish.     This  grows  along  the  streets  and  in  waste  places. 

Tribe  8.  SENECIONID'E^:.  Similar  to  Helianthoidece,  but 
the  pappus  is  abundant  and  capillary,  and  the  receptacle  is 
without  chaffy  scales. 

XXXVI.    AR'NICA 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  simple  stems 
bearing  a  few  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  long 
peduncles  and  usually  a  few  opposite,  entire  or  toothed  leaves. 
Involucre  bell-shaped,  of  linear  or  lance-shaped  equal  scales  in 
one  or  two  series.  Bays  elongated  or  sometimes  wanting. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  stiff,  bearded,  capillary  bristles. 
Akenes  linear,  5-angled,  or  ribbed. 


184  KEY   AND   FLORA 

a.  A.  discoi'dea  Benth.     Heads  without  rays  in  a  braclless  panicle. 
Involucre  hairy  and  glandular.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  irregularly 
toothed,  the  upper  sessile  and  often  alternate.     Akenes  becoming 
smooth,  not  glandular.     In  the  Coast  Mountains. 

b.  A.  cordifo'lia  Hook.     Heads  with  conspicuous  rays,  usually  about 
£  in.  long   (rarely  rayless).     Leaves  opposite,    2  pairs  on   the  stem; 
root  leaves  roundish  and  deeply  cordate,  coarsely  toothed.     In  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

c.  A.  folio'sa  Nutt.     Perennial,  from   rootstocks.     Stems  erect, 
leafy,  clothed  with  white  wool.     Leaves  lanceolate,  with  small  blunt 
teeth   on  the  margin  and  with  5  parallel   longitudinal  nerves.     Heads 
rather  small,  in  corymbs,  on  short  peduncles.     Rays  short,  yellow. 
Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  north  to  Oregon,  bloom- 
ing in  summer. 

XXXVH.    SENE'CIO,  Groundsel 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  either  solitary  or  in  corymbs.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
in  a  single  series,  somewhat  united,  often  with  a  few  loose 
bracts  at  the  base.  Akenes  slender,  with  fine  and  soft  copious 
pappus. 

a.  S.  vulga'ris  L.     OLD  MAN  OF  SPRING.     Annual,  from  a  few 
inches  to*  a   foot    high.     Leaves   rather    thick,  pinnately  cut    into 
toothed   lobes.     Scales   at  the  base  of  the  involucre  tipped  with 
black.     Heads  small,  rayless.     This  is  common  in  fields  and  along 
roads.     An  introduced  weed. 

b.  S.  Douglas' ii  DC.     Perennial,  sometimes  shrubby,  leafy  to  the  top, 
usually  white,  with  cottony  wool  more   or  less   persisting.     Leaves 
linear,  entire,  acute,  or  pinnately  parted  into  linear   lobes.     Heads  in 
corymbs  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Involucre  with   a   few  loose  scales  at  the  base.     Rays   elongated. 
Widely  distributed. 

c.  S.  aronicoi'des  DC.     Stems   stout,  erect,    leafy   at   base,  with 
leaves  irregularly  and   coarsely  toothed,  3-6   in.   long.     Heads   rather 
small,  in  compound  cymes  terminating  the  stems,  without  rays  or 
with  only  one  or  two.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  without  black  tips. 
Common  throughout  California  in  low  grounds. 

d.  S.  euryceph'alus  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  stout,  erect,  leafy,  some- 
what white-woolly  when  young,  becoming  smoother  with  age.    Leaves 
unequally  pinnately  parted,   with    wedge-shaped,   acutely  incised   lobes. 
Heads  many  in  an  ample  corymb,  with  10-12  long  and  showy  rays. 

e.  S.  Calif  or'nicus  DC.     Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  smooth, 
slender  stems.    Leaves  linear  to  oblong ;  those  on  the  stem  clasping  at  base ; 


DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS  185 

those  near  the  base  toothed  or  lobed.  Heads  in  corymbs,  with  rays  half 
an  inch  long.  Common  in  southern  California,  blooming  in  spring. 
'  f.  S.  triangula'ris  Hook.  Stems  simple,  smooth,  leafy,  2—5  ft. 
high.  Leaves  triangular,  sharply  toothed,  pointed  at  top.  Heads  many, 
in  corymbs  terminating  the  stem.  Involucre  bell-shaped,  with  a 
few  loose,  narrow  bracts  at  base.  Rays  6-12,  half  an  inch  long. 
In  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  Washington.  Summer. 

Tribe  9.  CYNAROI'DE^E.  Anthers  either  with  tails  or 
arrow-shaped.  Style  branches  without  tips  or  appendages, 
often  united  near  the  apex.  Corollas  all  tubular,  with  long, 
narrow,  linear  divisions.  Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

XXXVm.    CIR'SIUM  (CNI'CUS),  (CAR'DUUS)  Thistle 

Stout  herbs,  usually  biennial,  with  alternate  prickly  leaves 
and  large  or  medium-sized  heads  of  purple,  red,  white,  or 
yellowish  flowers.  Scales  of  the  involucre  bristle-tipped, 
arranged  in  many  series,  the  lower  successively  shorter. 
Receptacle  flat,  densely  clothed  with  bristles.  Akenes  smooth, 
obovate  or  oblong.  Pappus  of  numerous,  long,  plumose  bristles 
that  are  deciduous,  united  in  a  ring.  The  style  is  usually 
thickened  by  a  knee-like  swelling  immediately  below  the  stig- 
matic  portion,  which  consists  of  two  slender  divisions  united 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  top.  The  species  are  not  easily 
determined. 

yyynr.   SIL/YBUM,  Miik  Thistle 

Stout  annuals,  nearly  smooth,  with  large  root  leaves 
blotched  with  white,  and  prickly  on  the  margins.  Heads 
many-flowered  and  often  solitary.  Involucre  with  leaf-like 
closely  appressed  bracts,  tipped  with  stout  spines.  Flowers 
magenta-purple.  Pappus  of  stiff,  chaffy  bristles  in  several 
rows,  not  spiny. 

S.  Maria'num  Gaertn.  This  has  been,  introduced  from  the  Medi- 
terranean region,  and  is  spreading  more  and  more. 

XL.    CENTAURE'A,  Star  Thistle 

Herbs  with  small  heads  of  yellow,  rose-color,  or  blue  flowers. 
Involucre  globular,  the  scales  spine-tipped  or  papery  at 


186  KEY  AND  FLORA 

the  apex,  generally  contracted  under  the  flowers.  Receptacle 
very  bristly.  Akenes  compressed,  with  pappus  of  numerous 
chaffy  bristles  that  fall  separately.  The  outer  flowers  are 
often  funnel-shaped,  with  broad  conspicuous  divisions  simu- 
lating a  ray  flower.  All  the  species  are  introduced  weeds 
from  Europe. 

a.  C.  Meliten'sis  L.  TOCALOTE.  Annual,  with  spreading  branches. 
Radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  rather  broad  lobes,  the  stem  leaves 
barely  toothed,  decurrent.  Corollas  yellow,  inconspicuous.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  spine-tipped,  and  with  a  few  prickles  at  the  base. 
Common  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

1).  C.  solstitia'lis  L.  Annual,  much  branched.  Stem  leaves 
linear.  Flowers  conspicuous  yellow.  Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre 
with  3-5  small  prickles,  palmately  spreading  ;  middle  bracts  with  a 
stout  spine  besides.  This  is  less  common  than  the  preceding. 


Abies,  16. 
Abronia,  52. 
Acacia,  95. 
Acer,  102. 
Achillea,  182. 
Achlys,  63. 
Aconite,  61. 
Aconitum,  61. 
Actaea,  61. 
Adder's  Tongue,  29. 
Adenostoma,  84. 
^Esculus,  102. 
Agave,  37. 
Alabaster  Tulip,  30. 
Alder,  43. 
Alder  Family,  42. 
Alfalfa,  92. 
Alfilerilla,  96. 
Allium,  24. 
Alnus,  43. 
Alum  Root,  77. 
Amarantaceae,  51. 
Amaranth  Family,  51. 
Amarantus,  51. 
Aniaryllidaceae,  36. 
Ambrosias,  162,  174. 
Amelanchier,  87. 
American  Aloe,  37. 
Amole,  33. 
Amsinckia,  137. 
Amygdalese,  80. 
Anacardiaceae,  101. 
Anagallis,  126. 


Anaphalis,  173. 
Anemone,  59. 
Anemopsis,  40. 
Angiosperms,  20. 
Anthemis,  182. 
Anthemoidese,  163,  181. 
Apetalous  Plants,  39. 
Aphyllon,  153. 
Aplopappus,  169. 
Apocynaceae,  130. 
Apocynum,  130. 
Apple,  88. 
Aquilegia,  60. 
Arabis,  71. 
Araceae,  23. 
Aralia,  117. 
Araliaceae,  116. 
Arbor-vitse,  14. 
Arbutus,  121. 
Arctostaphylos,  121. 
Arenaria,  50. 
Argemone,  65. 
Aristolochia,  47. 
Aristolochiaceae,  46. 
Armeria,  127. 
Arnica,  183. 
Artemisia,  182. 
Arum  Family,  23. 
Asarum,  46. 
Asclepiadacese,  129, 
Asclepias,  129. 
Ash,  128. 
Ash  Family,  127. 


187 


188 


KEY  AND  FLORA 


Aspen,  42. 
Aster,  170. 
Asteroidese,  162,  168. 
Astragalus,  94. 
Athysanus,  68. 
Atriplex,  50. 
Audibertia,  141. 
Avens,  84. 
Azalea,  123. 

Baby-blue-eyes,  134. 
Baby-eyes  Family,  133. 
Baccharis,  172. 
Bseria,  179. 
Balm  of  Gilead,  42. 
Balsam  Cottonwood,  42. 
Balsamorrhiza,  175. 
Balsam  Root,  175. 
Baneberry,  61. 
Barbarea,  70. 
Barberry  Family,  62. 
Bay,  63. 

Bear's  Cabbage,  134. 
Bedstraw,  155. 
Bee-plant,  147. 
Bee  Sage,  141. 
Berberidacese,  62. 
Berberis,  62. 
Betula,  43. 
Betulaceae,  42. 
Bidens,  177. 
Bigelowia,  170. 
Big  Root,  158. 
Big  Tree,  16. 
Birch,  43. 
Birch  Family,  42. 
Bird's  Eyes,  131. 
Bird's  Nest  Cactus,  115. 
Bitter-root,  53. 
Blackberry,  87. 
Black  Birch,  43. 


Black  Mustard,  69. 
Black  Oak,  45. 
Black  Sage,  141. 
Black  Willow,  41. 
Bladderpod,  73. 
Blazing  Star  Family,  115. 
Bleeding  Heart,  67. 
Bleeding  Heart  Family,  66. 
Blennosperma,  179. 
Blepharipappus,  179. 
Bloomeria,  25. 
Blue-bells,  138. 
Blue-blossoms,  104. 
Blue-curls,  144. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  38. 
Blue  Flag,  37. 
Blue  Milla,  27. 
Blue  Oak,  44. 
Borage  Family,  137. 
Borraginacese,  137. 
Box  Elder,  103. 
Boykinia,  75. 
Brass-buttons,  183. 
Brassica,  69. 
Brevoortia,  26. 
Brickellia,  167. 
Bridal  Wreath,  82. 
Brodisea,  25. 

Broom  Rape  Family,  153, 
Brunella,  142. 
Buckbush,  83. 
Buckeye,  102. 
Buckthorn  Family,  103. 
Buckwheat  Family,  47 
Buckwheat  Sage,  50. 
Buda,  57. 
Bull  Pine,  20. 
Bur  Clover,  92. 
Bur  Marigold,  177. 
Bushy  Clematis,  59. 
Buttercup  Family,  58. 


INDEX 


189 


Buttercups,  59. 
Butterfly  Tulip,  32. 
Button  Willow,  154. 

Cactaceae,  115. 
Cactus  Family,  115. 
Csesalpinese,  94. 
Calandrinia,  53. 
California  Buckwheat,  47. 
California  Compass  Plant,  175. 
California  Laurel,  63. 
California  Lilac,  103. 
Californian  Bee-plant,  147. 
California  Poppy,  64. 
California  Sage,  141. 
Calliprora,  26. 
Calochortus,  30. 
Calycadenia,  178. 
Calycanthaceae,  80. 
Camassia,  33. 
Campanula,  160. 
Campanulacese,  159. 
Camphor  Weed,  144. 
Cancer  Root,  153. 
Canchalagua,  128. 
Caper  Family,  73. 
Capparidaceae,  73. 
Caprifoliaceae,  156. 
Capsella,  69. 
Cardamine,  71. 
Carduus,  185. 
Carpenter  Weed,  143. 
Carrot,  119. 
Caryophyllaceae,  55. 
Cascara  Sagrada,  103. 
Castanopsis,  45. 
Castilleja,  149. 
Cat's  Ear,  164. 
Caulanthus,  72. 
Ceanothus,  103. 
Cedar,  13. 
Centaurea,  185. 


Centaurium,  128. 
Century  Plant,  37. 
Century  Plant  Family,  36. 
Cephalanthus,  154. 
Cerastium,  55. 
Cercis,  95. 
Cercocarpus,  83. 
Cereus,  116. 
Chsenaetis,  181. 
Chamaebatia,  85. 
Chamaecyparis,  14. 
Chamomile,  182. 
Chaparral  Pea,  90. 
Checkered  Lily,  28. 
Chemisal,  84. 
Chenopodiaceae,  49. 
Chenopodium,  49. 
Cherry,  81. 
Chestnut  Oak,  45. 
Chia,  141. 
Chicalote,  65. 
Chickweed,  56. 
Chicory,  164. 
Chilicothe,  158. 
Chimaphila,  124. 
Chinese  Sacred  Lily,  37. 
Chlorogalum,  33. 
Chocolate  Lily,  29. 
Chokecherry,  81. 
Chorizanthe,  48. 
Christmas  Berry,  88. 
Chrysopsis,  169. 
Cichorium,  164. 
Cinquefoil,  85. 
Cirsium,  185. 
Cistaceae,  108. 
Clarkia,  114. 
Cleavers,  155. 
Clematis,  58. 
Climbing  Nemophila,  134. 
Clintonia,  35. 


190 


KEY   AND   FLORA 


Clover,  91. 
Cnicus,  185. 
Cocklebur,  174. 
Coffee  Berry,  103. 
Collinsia,  147. 
Collomia,  131. 
Columbine,  60. 
Column  Cactus,  116. 
Composite,  161. 
Composite  Family,  161. 
Coniferge,  13. 
Convolvulacese,  132. 
Convolvulus,  132. 
Cornacese,  119. 
Corn  Spurry,  57. 
Cornus,  119. 
Corylus,  46. 

Cotton-batting  Plant,  173. 
Cottonwood,  42. 
Cotula,  183. 
Cotyledon,  74. 
Cow  Parsnip,  118. 
Crane's  Bill,  95. 
Crassulacese,  74. 
Crataegus,  88. 
Cream  Cups,  65. 
Creeping  Violet,  109. 
Cress,  70. 
Cruciferse,  67. 
Cucurbitaceae,  158. 
Cupressus,  13. 
Cupuliferae,  44. 
Curly  Dock,  48. 
Currant,  78. 
Cuscuta,  133. 
Cyclamen,  125. 
Cynaroidese,  164,  185. 
Cynoglossum,  138. 
Cyperacese,  22. 
Cypress,  13. 
Cypripedium,  39. 


Daffodil,  36. 
Dandelion,  166. 
Datura,  145. 
Daucus,  119. 
Death  Camass,  34. 
Deer's  Foot,  63. 
Delphinium,  61. 
Dendromecon,  64. 
Dentaria,  71. 
Devil's  Club,  117. 
Dicentra,  67. 
Dichelostemma,  26. 
Dicotyledonous  Plants,  39. 
Digger  Pine,  20. 
Diogenes'  Lantern,  30. 
Diplacus,  152. 
Disporum,  34. 
Dock,  48. 
Dodder,  133. 
Dodecatheon,  125. 
Dogbane  Family,  130. 
Dog  Fennel,  182. 
Dog-tooth  Violet,  29. 
Dogwood  Family,  119. 
Douglas  Spruce,  17. 
Downingia,  161. 
Drooping  Live  Oak,  45. 
Drops  of  Gold,  34. 
Dutchman's  Pipe,  47. 
Dutchman's  Pipe  Family,  46 

Echeveria,  74. 
Echinocactus,  115. 
Echinocystis,  158. 
Elder,  157. 
Ellisia,  134. 
Emmenanthe,  136. 
Encelia,  176. 
Encino,  45. 

Engelmann  Spruce,  17. 
Epilobium,  111. 


INDEX 


191 


Epipactis,  39. 
Eremocarpus,  100. 
Ericaceae,  120. 
Erigeron,  171. 
Eriodictyon,  136. 
Eriogonurn,  47. 
Eriophyllum,  180. 
Erodium,  96. 
Erysimuin,  69. 
Erythraea,  128. 
Erythroniuin,  29. 
Eschscholtzia,  64. 
Escobita,  150. 
Eucalyptus,  110. 
Eucharidium,  114. 
Eunanus,  152. 
Eupatoriacese,  162,  167. 
Euphorbia,  99. 
Euphorbiaceae,  99.  t 
Evening  Primrose,  112. 
Evening  Primrose  Family,  110. 
Evening  Snow,  131. 
Evergreen  White  Oak,  44. 
Everlasting,  173. 

Fairy  Bells,  34. 

False  Solomon's  Seal,  34. 

Farewell  to  Spring,  113. 

Fatsia,  117. 

Ficoidese,  116. 

Fiddle-neck,  137. 

Fig  Marigold  Family,  116. 

Figwort  Family,  146. 

Filaree,  96. 

Fir,  16. 

Firecracker  Flower,  26. 

Fireweed,  111. 

Five-finger,  85. 

Flaming  Poppy,  66. 

Flax  Family,  98. 

Fleabane,  172,  183. 


Fleur  de  Lis,  37. 
Flower  de  Luce,  37. 
Flowering  Ash,  128. 
Flowering  Currant,  78. 
Flowering  Willow,  172. 
Footsteps  of  Spring,  112. 
Forget-me-not,  138. 
Four-o'clock,  52. 
Four-o'clock  Family,  51. 
Fragaria,  86. 
Frankeniacese,  108. 
Franseria,  174. 
Fraxinus,  128. 
Fremontia,  107. 
Fringed  Cups,  76. 
Fringed  Gilia,  131. 
Fritillaria,  28. 

Fuchsia-flowered  Gooseberry,  78. 
Fumariaceae,  66. 

Galium,  155. 
Garrya,  120. 
Garryaceae,  120. 
Gaultheria,  123. 
Gentianaceae,  128. 
Gentian  Family,  128. 
Geraniaceae,  95. 
Geranium  Family,  95. 
Geum,  84. 
Gilia,  130. 
Ginger  Pine,  14. 
Ginseng,  117. 
Ginseng  Family,  116. 
Githopsis,  159. 
Gnaphalium,  173. 
Godetia,  113. 
Golden  Aster,  169. 
Golden  Bells,  30. 
Golden  Bloomeria,  25. 
Golden  Cup  Oak,  45.    . 
Golden  Ear-drops,  67. 


192 


KEY  AND   FLOKA 


Golden-eyed  Grass,  38. 
Golden  Fields,  179. 
Golden-leaved  Chinquapin,  46. 
Golden  Pea,  89. 
Golden  Prince's  Plume,  73. 
Golden-rod,  170. 
Golden  Stars,  25. 
Golden  Tulips,  32. 
Gomphocarpus,  129. 
Gooseberry,  78. 
Gourd  Family,  158. 
Graminea3,  21. 
Grass  Family,  21. 
Grass  Lilies,  27. 
Grass  Nuts,  26. 
Greasewood,  84,  141. 
Green-stemmed  Filaree,  97. 
Grindelia,  168. 
Ground  Lily,  26. 
Groundsel,  184. 
Gum  Plant,  168. 
Gymnosperms,  13. 

Habenaria,  39. 
Hairy  Bell,  30. 
Hardback,  82. 
Harebell,  160. 
Harebell  Family,  159. 
Hazelnut,  46. 
Heal-all,  143. 
Heart's-ease,  109. 
Heather  Family,  120. 
Hedge  Nettle,  143. 
Helenioideae,  163,  179. 
Helenium,  181. 
Helianthemum,  108. 
Helianthoidese,  162,  175. 
Helianthus,  176. 
Heliotrope,  137. 
Heliotropium,  137. 
Hemizonia,  178. 


Hemlock  Spruce,  17. 
Heracleum,  118. 
Hesperochiron,  136. 
Hesperocordum,  27. 
Heteromeles,  88. 
Heuchera,  77. 
Hog's  Potato,  34. 
Holodiscus,  83. 
Hookera,  26. 

Honeysuckle  Family,  156. 
Horehound,  143. 
Hosackia,  92. 
Hound's  Tongue,  138. 
Houttuynia,  40. 
Huckleberry,  120. 
Humboldt's  Lily,  28. 
Hydrophyllacese,  133. 
Hydrophyllum,  133. 
Hypericaceae,  1Q7. 
Hypericum,  107. 
Hypochseris,  164. 

Ice  Plant,  116. 
Illecebracese,  57. 
Incense  Cedar,  15. 
Indian  Hemp.  130. 
Indian  Lemonade,  101. 
Indian  Melon,  115. 
Indian  Paint-brush,  149. 
Indian  Warrior,  151. 
Inuloidese,  162,  172. 
Iridacese,  37. 
Iris  Family,  37. 
Isomeris,  73. 
May,  81. 
Ithuriel's  Spear,  27. 

Jewel-flowers,  72. 
Jointed  Cactus,  116. 
Jointweed,  49. 
Jonquil,  36-37. 


INDEX 


193 


Judas-tree,  95. 
June  Berry,  87. 
Juniper,  13. 
Juniperus,  13. 

Kelloggia,  154. 
Kellogg's  Oak,  45. 
Kinnikinick,  121. 
Knob-cone  Pine,  20. 
Kunzia,  83. 

Labiatse,  139. 
Labiatiflorse,  162,  167. 
Labrador  Tea,  124. 
Lace  Pod,  67. 
Ladies'  Tresses,  39. 
Lady's  Slipper,  39. 
Lamb's  Quarter,  50. 
Large-leaved  Maple,  102. 
Larkspur,  61. 
Lasthenia,  179. 
Lathyrus,  94. 
Lauraceae,  63. 
Laurel  Family,  63. 
Lavatera,  105. 
Layia,  179. 
Ledum,  124. 
Leguminosae,  89. 
Leopard  Lily,  28. 
Lepidium,  68. 
Lepigonum,  57. 
Leptosyne,  177. 
Lessingia,  168. 
Lewisia,  53. 
Libocedrus,  15. 
Liguliflorae,  162,  164. 
Lilac  Tulip,  32. 
LiliacesB,  23. 
Lilium,  27. 
Lily  Family,  23. 
Limnanthes,  97. 


Linaceae,  98. 
Linanthus,  131. 
Linum,  98. 
Live  Oak,  45. 
Lizard-leaf,  180. 
Loasacese,  115. 
Lobeliaceae,  160. 
Lobelia  Family,  160. 
Loco-weed,  .94. 
Lodge-pole  Pine,  19. 
Lonicera,  156. 
Lotus,  92. 
Love  Vine,  133. 
Lucerne,  92. 
Lupine,  90. 
Lupinus,  90. 
Lysichiton,  23. 

Madder  Family,  154. 
Madia,  177. 
Madrone,  121. 
Madrono,  121. 
Mahala  Mats,  105. 
Mahonia,  63. 
Malacothrix,  165. 
Mallow  Family,  105. 
Mains,  88. 
MalvaceaB,  105. 
Malvastrum,  106. 
Mamillaria,  115.  » 

Mammoth  Sequoia,  16. 
Manzanilla,  182. 
Manzanita,  121. 
Maple,  102. 
Mariposa  Lily,  30. 
Marrubium,  143. 
Marsh  Fleabane,  172. 
Matilija  Poppy,  66. 
Matricaria,  182. 
Mayweed,  182. 
Meadow  Foam,  97. 


194 


KEY  AND   FLORA 


Meadow-rue,  59. 
Meadow-sweet,  83. 
Meconopsis,  66. 
Medicago,  92. 
Megarrhi-za,  158. 
Melilotus,  91. 
Mentha,  139. 
Mentzelia,  115. 
Mertensia,  138. 
Mesembryanthemum,  116. 
Mexican  Poppy,  G5. 
Micrampelis,  158. 
Micromeria,  140. 
Microseris,  165. 
Milfoil,  182. 
Milkmaids,  71. 
Milk  Thistle,  185. 
Milkweed,  99. 
Milkweed  Family,  129. 
Mimosese,  95. 
Mimulus,  151. 
Miner's  Lettuce,  53. 
Mint  Family,  139. 
Mirabilis,  52. 
Mission  Bells,  28. 
Mock  Orange,  79. 
Monardella,  139. 
Monkey  Flower,  151. 
Monkshood,  61. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants,  20. 
Monolopia,  180. 
Monterey  Cypress,  14. 
Monterey  Pine,  20. 
Montia,  53. 

Morning-glory  Family,  132. 
Mountain  Ash,  89. 
Mountain  Cypress,  14. 
Mountain  Mahogany,  83. 
Mountain  Misery,  85. 
Mouse-ear  Chickweed,  55. 
Mouse-ears,  31. 


Mugwort,  183. 
MuiUa,  25. 
Musk  Plant,  152. 
Mustard,  69. 
Mustard  Family,  67. 
Myricacese,  40. 
Myrtacese,  110. 
Myrtle  Family,  110. 

Narcissus,  37. 

Nasturtium,  70. 

Navarretia,  131. 

Needle  Bush,  90. 

Negundo,  103.. 

Neillia,  82. 

Nemophila,  134. 

Nicotiana,  146. 

Nigger  Babies,  118. 

Nightshade  Family,  145. 

Ninebark,  82. 

Nodding  Evening  Primrose,  112. 

Nut  Pine,  20. 

Nuttallia,  81. 

Nyctaginaceae,  51'. 

Oak  Family,  44. 
(Enothera,  112. 
Old  Man  of  Spring,  184. 
Oleacese,  127. 
Onagracese,  111. 
Opuntia,  116. 
Orchidacese,  39. 
Orchis  Family,  39. 
Oregon  Ash,  128. 
Oregon  Cedar,  14. 
Oregon  Grape,  62. 
Oregon  Pine,  18. 
Oregon  Sweet  Clover,  63. 
Orobanchacese,  153. 
Orthocarpus,  150. 


INDEX 


195 


Osmaronia,  81. 
Oso  Berry,  81. 
Owl's  Clover,  150. 
Oxalis,  97. 
Oyster  Plant,  164. 

Pseonia,  62. 
Pseony,  62. 
Pansy,  109. 
Papaveracese,  64. 
Papilionaceae,  89. 
Parsley  Family,  117. 
Pattern's  Spruce,  17. 
Pea  Family,  89. 
Pear,  88. 

Pearly  Everlasting,  173. 
Pea  Vine,  94. 
Pedicularis,  151. 
Pentacaena,  58. 
Pentstemon,  148. 
Pepper  Grass,  68. 
Pepper-root,  71. 
Pepper  Tree,  101. 
Perezia,  167. 
Phacelia,  135. 
Philadelphus,  79. 
Phlox  Family,  130. 
Photinia,  88. 
Physocarpus,  82. 
Picea,  16. 
Pickeringia,  90. 
Pigweed,  51. 
Pigweed  Family,  49. 
Pimpernel,  126. 
Pine,  18. 
Pine  Family,  13. 
Pink  Family,  55. 
Pinus,  18. 
Piperacese,  39. 
Plantaginaceae,  153. 
Plantago,  153. 


Plantain  Family,  153. 
Platyspermum,  70. 
Platysteinon,  65. 
Platystigma,  65. 
Pluchea,  172. 
Plum,  81. 

Plumbaginaceae,  127. 
Poison  Oak  Family,  101. 
PolemoniaceaB,  130. 
Polygalaceae,  98. 
Polygala  Family,  98. 
Polygonaceae,  47. 
Polygonum,  49. 
Pomeae,  87. 

Poor  Man's  Barometer,  126. 
Popcorn  Flower,  150. 
Poplar,  42. 
Poppy  Family,  64. 
Populus,  42. 
Port  Orford  Cedar,  14. 
Portulaca,  53. 
Portulacacese,  52. 
Portulaca  Family,  52. 
Post  Oak,  45. 
Potato,  145. 
Potentilla,  85. 
Prairie  Pointers,  125. 
Prickly  Poppy,  65. 
Primrose  Family,  125. 
Primulacese,  125. 
Prince's  Pine,  124. 
Prosartes,  34. 
Primus,  81. 
Pseudotsuga,  17. 
Psoralea,  93. 
Pulse  Family,  89. 
Purple  Sanicle,  118. 
Purshia,  83. 
Purslane,  53. 
Pusley,  53. 
Pussy-paws,  54. 


196 


KEY  AND   FLORA 


Pyrola,  125. 

Pyrus,  88. 

Quaking  Asp,  42. 
Quercus,  44. 
Quinine  Bush,  120. 

Kabbit-brush,  170. 
Radish,  69. 
Rafinesquia,  165. 
Ranunculacese,  58. 
Ranunculus,  59. 
Raphanus,  69. 
Raspberry,  86. 
Rattlesnake  Weed,  119. 
Rattleweed,  94. 
Red-bud,  95. 
Red  Columbine,  60. 
Red  Fir,  18. 

Red  Monkey  Flower,  161. 
Red-stemmed  Filaree,  96. 
Redwood,  15. 
Redwood  Rose,  87. 
Rhamnacese,  103. 
Rhamnus,  103. 
Rhododendron,  123. 
Rhus,  101. 
Ribes,  78. 
Rice  Roots,  28. 
Roble,  44. 
Rock  Cress,  71. 
Rockrose  Family,  108. 
Romero,  144. 
Romneya,  66. 
Rosa,  87. 
Rosacese,  80. 
Rose,  87. 
Roseae,  82. 
Rose-bay,  123. 
Rose  Family,  80. 
Rose  Mallow,  106. 


Rosy  Bells,  31. 
Rowan,  89. 
Rubiacese,  154. 
Rubus,  86. 
Rumex,  48. 

Sage,  140. 

Sagebrush,  182. 

St.  John's-wort  Family,  107. 

Salal,  123. 

Salicaceae,  40. 

Salix,  41. 

Salmon-berry,  86. 

Salmon-color  Gilia,  131. 

Salsafy,  164. 

Salt-marsh  Dodder,  133. 

Salty  Sage,  50. 

Salvia,  140. 

Sambucus,  157. 

Sand  Mat,  58. 

Sandwort,  56. 

Sanicle,  118. 

Sanicula,  118. 

Sapindacese,  102. 

Satin  Bell,  30. 

Saxifraga,  75. 

Saxifragaceas,  75. 

Saxifrage  Family,,  75. 

Scarlet  Gilia,  132. 

Scotch  Caps,  86. 

Scrophularia,  147. 

Scrophulariacese,  146. 

Scutellaria,  142. 

Sea  Lavender,  127. 

Sea  Pink  Family,  127. 

Seaside  Daisy,  171. 

Seaside  Morning-glory,  132. 

Sea  Verbena,  52. 

Sedge  Family,  22. 

Sedum,  74. 

Self-heal,  142. 


INDEX 


197 


Senebiera,  68. 
Senecio,  184. 
Senecionideae,  163,  183. 
Sequoia,  15. 
Service  Berry,  87. 
Shepherd's  Purse,  69. 
Shooting  Stars,  125. 
Sidalcea,  106. 
Silene,  55. 

Silk-tassel  Bush  Family,  120. 
Silkweed,  129. 
Silvery  Cinquefoil,  85. 
Silybum,  185. 
Sisyrinchium,  38. 
Skullcap,  142. 
Skunk  Cabbage,  23. 
Skunkweed,  131. 
Slippery  Elm,  107. 
Small  Sugar  Pine,  18. 
Small  Tiger  Lily,  28. 
Smartweed,  49. 
Smilacina,  34. 
Snakeroot,  118. 
Sneezeweed,  181. 
Snowberry,  156. 
Snow-bush,  104. 
Soap  Plant,  33,  50. 
Soapweed,  30. 
Solanaceae,  145. 
Solanum,  145. 
Solidago,  170. 
Sonchus,  166. 
Sorbus,  89. 
Sorrel,  48. 
Sour  Grass,  48. 
Sow  Thistle,  166. 
Spanish  Bayonet,  30. 
Speedwell,  147. 
Spergula,  57. 
Spergularia,  57. 
Sphacele,  140. 


Spice  Wood,  64. 
Spikenard,  117. 
Spiny  Chaparral,  90. 
Spiraea,  82. 
Spiranthes,  39. 
Spraguea,  54. 
Spruce,  16. 
Spurge,  99. 
Spurge  Family,  99. 
Squaw  Bush,  101. 
Squaw-carpets,  105. 
Stachys,  143. 
Stanfordia,  72. 
Stanleya,  73. 
Star-eyed  Grass,  38. 
Star-flower,  126. 
Star  Thistle,  185. 
Statice,  127. 
Steironema,  126. 
Stellaria,  56. 
Stephanomeria,  165. 
Stonecrop,  74. 
Stonecrop  Family,  74. 
Strawberry,  86. 
Streptanthus,  72. 
Streptopus,  35. 
Strophilirion,  26. 
Sugar  Pine,  18. 
Sumac,  100. 
Sun  Cups,  112. 
Sun  Dial,  90. 
Sunflower,  176. 
Sunshine,  179. 
Sweet  Clover,  91. 
Sweet-in-death,  63. 
Sweet  Shrub  Family,  80. 
Symphoricarpos,  156. 
Syringa,  79. 

Tanbark  Oak,  45. 
Taraxacum,  166. 


198 


KEY   AND   FLORA 


Tarweed,  85,  177. 
Tellima,  76. 
Thalictrum,  59. 
Thelypodium,  73. 
Thermopsis,  89. 
Thimbleberry,  86. 
Thistle,  185. 
Thistle  Poppy,  65. 
Thistle  Sage,  141. 
Thorn-apple,  88,  145. 
Thrift,  127. 
Thuya,  14. 
Thysanocarpus,  67. 
Tiarella,  77. 
Tideland  Spruce,  16. 
Tidy-tips,  179. 
Tiger  Lily,  28. 
Tissa,  57. 
Tobacco,  146. 
Tocalote,  186. 
Tolmiea,  77. 
Toothwort,  71. 
Tower  Mustard,  71. 
Toyon,  88. 
Tragopogon,  164. 
Tree  Mallow,  105. 
Tree  Poppy,  64. 
Tree  Tobacco,  146. 
Trichostema,  144. 
Trientalis,  126. 
Trifolium,  91. 
Trillium,  36. 
Triteleia,  27. 
Troximon,  166. 
Tsuga,  17. 

Tubuliflorae,  162,  167. 
Tumbleweed,  61. 
Turkey  Mullein,  100. 
Turkish  Rugging,  48. 
Twelve  Gods,  125. 
Twin-berry,  156. 


Twining  Hyacinth,  26. 
Twisted  Stalk,  35. 

Umbelliferse,  117. 
Umbellularia,  63. 

Vaccinium,  120. 
Valeriana,  159. 
Valerianaceae,  158. 
Valerianella,  159. 
Valerian  Family,  158. 
Valley  Oak,  44. 
Veronica,  147. 
Vetch,  94. 
Vicia,  94. 
Vine  Maple,  102. 
Viola,  109. 
Violacese,  109. 
Violet  Family,  109. 
Virgin's  Bower,  58. 

Wake  Robin,  36. 
Waldmeister,  155. 
Wallflower,  69. 
Wart  Cress,  68. 
Washington  Lily,  27. 
Water  Cress,  70. 
Water  Holly,  63. 
Waterleaf,  133. 
Wax-myrtle  Family,  40. 
Weeping  Oak,  44. 
Western  Chinquapin,  45. 
Western  Dandelion,  166. 
Whipplea,  80. 
Whispering  Bells,  136. 
White  Evening  Primrose,  112. 
White  Fir,  16. 
White  Mustard,  69. 
White  Oak,  44. 
White  Sage,  141. 


INDEX 


199 


White  Spruce,  17. 
Whiteweed,  182. 
Wild  Cabbage,  72. 
Wild  Cypress,  132. 
Wild  Fuchsia,  111. 
Wild  Ginger,  46. 
Wild  Hyacinth,  25,  26. 
Wild  Onion,  24. 
Wild  Pea,  94. 
Willow,  41. 
Willow  Family,  40. 
Willow  Herb,  111. 
Willow-leaved  Dock,  48. 
Windflower,  59. 
Wintercress,  70. 
Wintergreen,  125. 
Wood  Sorrel,  97. 
Wood  Strawberry,  86. 
Woolly  Breeches,  137. 
Wornaseed,  50. 
Wormwood,  182. 
Wyethia,  175. 


Xanthium,  174. 
Xylothermia,  90. 

Yarrow,  182. 

Yellow  Evening  Primrose,  112. 

Yellow  Lessingia,  168. 

Yellow  Mats,  118. 

Yellow  Pine,  18. 

Yellow  Rocket,  70. 

Yellow  Sorrel,  98. 

Yellow  Star  Tulips,  31. 

Yerba  Buena,  140. 

Yerba  de  la  Vibora,  119. 

Yerba  del  Pasmo,  84. 

Yerba  del  Pescado,  100. 

Yerba  Mansa,  40. 

Yerba  Mansa  Family,  39. 

Yerba  Rheuma  Family,  108. 

Yerba  Santa,  136. 

Yucca,  30. 

Zauschneria,  111. 
Zygadenus,  33. 


ANNOUNCEMENTS 


PRACTICAL  BOTANY 

By  JOSEPH  Y.  BERGEN,  recently  Instructor  in  Biology  in  the  English  High 
School,  Boston,  and  OTIS  W.  CALDWELL,  Associate  Profes- 
sor of  Botany  in  The  University  of  Chicago 


8vo,  cloth,  545  pages,  illustrated,  $1.30 


IMPORTANT  FEATURES  OF  THE  BOOK 

Usableness.  Both  the  authors  have  had  much  experience  in  teaching  botany  to 
large  classes  of  beginners,  and  both  are  primarily  interested  in  having  the  science 
so  presented  that  it  will  be  full  of  meaning  to  the  largest  number  of  pupils. 

Simplicity.  Technical  terms  are  employed  only  where  the  use  of  ordinary 
language  would  multiply  words  or  cause  ambiguity. 

Attractiveness.  Those  aspects  of  botany  are  most  emphasized  which  mean 
much  to  intelligent  young  people  who  are  not  likely  to  pursue  the  science  in  a 
detailed  way  after  their  formal  education  is  completed.  To  secure  this  end  the 
authors  have  constantly  tried  to  use  the  botanical  content  and  manner  of  presen- 
tation that  will  be  of.  interest  and  educative  value  to  beginners  rather  than  to 
consider  the  relations  of  the  course  to  any  botanical  courses  that  may  follow. 

Practical  Quality.  The  student  is  not  drilled  in  the  details  of  the  phenomena 
of  mitosis  or  taught  much  histology,  but  he  learns  a  good  deal  about  the  way  in 
which  plants  lay  the  foundations  for  the  world's  supply  of  food,  timber,  and  fuel, 
and  enough  of  plant  structure  is  presented  to  make  clear  how  functions  are  per- 
formed. He  is  given  a  rational  basis  for  that  part  of  sanitation  which  rests  upon 
a  knowledge  of  bacteria  and  other  destructive  organisms. 

Territorial  Range.  The  types  of  plant  life  and  the  plant  regions  discussed 
are  not  those  of  any  small  portion  of  the  country,  but  cover  a  wide  range,  includ- 
ing some  tropical  forms. 

Effective  Illustrations.  More  than  three  hundred  fifty  illustrations  are  used, 
most  of  them  from  original  drawings  or  photographs  that  are  prepared  by 
naturalist  artists  expressly  for  this  book,  and  these  illustrations  are  selected  to 
serve  as  organic  studies  that  are  presented  in  the  text.  Technically  and  artisti- 
cally they  are  the  best  that  have  been  presented  in  a  school  textbook  in  botany. 

Educative  Value.  In  the  belief  that  the  educative  value  of  science  study  will 
be  enhanced  by  constantly  leading  the  student  to  see  that  it  is  worth  while,  the 
authors  have  included  much  relating  to  industrial,  agricultural,  horticultural, 
and  other  interests,  into  the  conduct  of  which  a  knowledge  of  technical  botany 
largely  enters.  This  has  been  done  without  neglecting  the  essentials  for  a  clear 
understanding  of  the  elements  of  botany  as  a  science. 


1482 

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PRINCIPLES    OF    BOTANY 

By  JOSEPH  Y.  BERGEN,  recently  Instructor  in  Biology  in  the  English  High 
School,  Boston,  and  BRADLEY  M.  DAVIS,  recently  Assistant  Professor 
of  Plant  Morphology  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

I2mo,   cloth,    555   pages,   illustrated,  $1.50 


A  LABORATORY  AND  FIELD  MANUAL  OF  BOTANY 

By  JOSEPH  Y.   BERGEN  and  BRADLEY  M.   DAVIS 


T^RINCIPLES  OF  BOTANY  is  a  work  especially  suited 
J_  for  college  and  normal-school  classes  and  for  those 
high  schools  that  are  equipped  to  give  more  than  an  average 
course  in  this  subject.  It  claims  superior  merit  in  the  mate- 
rial which  it  offers  for  a  consecutive  series  of  studies  of 
representative  spore  plants,  so  treated  as  to  outline  the 
evolutionary  history  of  the  plant  world. 

Some    of    the    characteristics   which    make    this   volume 
superior  to  others  of  its  kind  are: 

I.  That  it  presents  more  adequately  than  any  other  on  the  market  the 
subject-matter  demanded  by  the  College  Entrance  Examination  Board 
and  the  state  universities  of  the  middle  and  far  West. 

II.  That  no  other  botany  of  its  scope'leads  up  to  the  more  difficult 
portions  of  the  subject  in  so  easy  and  untechnical  a  manner. 

III.  That  it  is  the  first  book  of  its  class  to  present  ecology  as  a  con- 
nected subject  and  not  as  a  series  of  snap-shot  studies. 

IV.  That  it  is  the  only  botany  which  gives  a  clear  idea  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  vegetation  in  the  United  States,  with  the  reasons  for  it. 

V.  That  it  is  better  and  more  fully  illustrated  than  any  other  book 
for  beginners  in  botany. 

With  mature  students  a  half  year's  course  may  be  framed 
from  the  book. 


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BERGEN'S 

ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANY 

REVISED  EDITION 

By  JOSEPH  Y.  BERGEN 
Recently  Instructor  in  Biology  in  the  English  High  School,  Boston 

Including  Key  and  Flora  for  Northern  and  Central  States.  lamo,  cloth,  283  +  257  pages, 
illustrated,  $1.30.  Without  Key  and  Flora,  $1.00. 

Issued  also  in  three  special  editions  with  a  Key  and  Flora  for  each :  Pacific  Coast  Edi- 
tion, Southern  States  Edition,  and  Rocky  Mountain  Edition,  $1.30  each. 

BERGEN'S  "  Elements  of  Botany,"  Revised  Edition,  is  designed  to 
furnish  a  half-year  course  in  the  subject  for  students  in  secondary 
schools.    It  covers  all  the  ground  which  ordinary  classes  can  traverse 
in  the  time  indicated,  and  presents  only  those  topics  which  are  essen- 
tial to  an  elementary  course  in  the  science. 

It  differs  from  the  earlier  editions  of  the  "  Elements  "  mainly  in  the 
greater  stress  laid  on  the  topics  of  ecology  and  cryptogamic  botany,  in 
the  somewhat  abbreviated  directions  for  histological  work  on  seed  plants, 
and  in  the  greatly  improved  quality  of  the  illustrations.  Minor  changes 
will  be  found  on  almost  every  page. 

THE  BOOK  IS  CHARACTERIZED 

By  the  natural  method  of  presentation,  introducing  the  pupil  first,  as  Professor  Huxley 
recommended,  to  the  comparatively  familiar  forms  and  processes  of  plant  life. 

By  the  sparing  use  of  technical  terms,  employing  these  only  when  they  are  indispensable 
for  the  sake  of  clearness  or  of  brevity. 

By  the  treatment  of  the  structures  and  the  functions  of  plants  consecutively,  not  in 
widely  separated  portions  of  the  book. 

By  the  intimate  combination  of  laboratory  work  with  discussion,  taking  pains,  however, 
not  to  tell  the  pupil,  either  in  words  or  by  means  of  illustrations,  what  he  is  to  see 
before  he  sees  it  for  himself. 

By  the  accuracy  of  the  illustrations  in  detail,  the  half  tones  being  used  only  to  give  gen- 
eral effects,  never  for  minute  organs  or  structures. 

By  the  fact  that  four  special  keys  and  floras  have  been  prepared  to  accompany  the  text. 
This  allows  the  student  in  any  part  of  the  country  to  obtain  practice  in  the  determina- 
tion of  species  of  phanerogams,  and  to  get  a  practical  idea  of  their  relationships  and 
classification  by  means  of  a  simply  written  and  inexpensive  flora  of  his  own  region. 

NOTEBOOK  TO  ACCOMPANY  BERGEN'S  TEXT- 
BOOKS OF  BOTANY 

For  general  use  in  Botanical  Laboratories  or  for  Secondary  Schools.  Square  4to,  paper, 
144  pages,  illustrated,  45  cents.  In  Biflex  Binder,  75  cents. 

BERGEN'S  "Notebook"  was  prepared  with  the  particular  view  of 
minimizing  the  amount  of  routine  dictation  for  both  teacher  and 
pupil  without  doing  any  of  the  latter's  thinking  for  him.    Not  only  will 
it  save  time  and  trouble,  but  it  will  also  lead  the  pupil  to  perform"  neat 
and  accurate  work. 


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ESSENTIALS  OF  BOTANY 

By  JOSEPH   YOUNG  BERGEN 


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BERGEN'S  "Essentials  of  Botany"  is  intended  to 
furnish  a  one-year  course  for  secondary  schools  and 
also  to  fit  thoroughly  for  college-entrance  examinations 
in  the  subject.  It  gives  an  intelligible  account  of  the 
main  facts  of  plant  anatomy  and  physiology,  together 
with  a  general  view  of  the  principal  groups  of  plants.  It 
will  be  found  much  fuller  than  the  author's  "  Elements" 
or  "Foundations  of  Botany"  in  the  treatment  of  the 
lower  forms  of  plant  life. 

Probably  the  most  widely  used  text-books  in  America 
on  botany  are  those  written  by  Mr.  Joseph  Y.  Bergen. 
An  accomplished  teacher  and  naturalist,  Mr.  Bergen  has 
been  quick  to  seize  upon  the  best  methods  to  illustrate 
the  changes  in  the  study  of  plants  during  the  past  score 
of  years,  and  to  adapt  those  methods  to  teachers  in  a 
concise  and  presentable  form,  and  in  as  simple  language 
as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  permit.  This  latest 
book  —  "The  Essentials  of  Botany"  —  is  an  attractively 
illustrated  volume,  and  contains  much  new  matter  that 
teachers  will  appreciate,  such  as  chapters  on  plant  breed- 
ing, useful.  plants,  -and  on  timber  and  forestry. 

—  Educational  Review. 


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